Abundances of the elements (data page)

Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

  • C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
  • C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
  • C3 — Crust: Greenwood
  • C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
  • C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
  • C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
  • U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
  • U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)
Mass fraction, in kg/kg
Element C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 U1 U2
01 H hydrogen 1.40×10−3 1.520×10−3
02 He helium 8×10−9
03 Li lithium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.3×10−5 1.37×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.2×10−5
04 Be beryllium 2.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 2×10−6 1.500×10−6 3.000×10−6
05 B boron 1.0×10−5 7.0×10−6 9×10−6 1.0000×10−5 1.5000×10−5
06 C carbon 2.00×10−4 1.80×10−4 3.76×10−3
07 N nitrogen 1.9×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.9×10−5
08 O oxygen 4.61×10−1 3.7×10−1 4.55000×10−1
09 F fluorine 5.85×10−4 4.6×10−4 5.44×10−4 5.25×10−4
10 Ne neon 5×10−9
11 Na sodium 2.36×10−2 2.3×10−2 2.2700×10−2 2.3000×10−2 2.4400×10−2 3.1000×10−2 2.89×10−2 2.57×10−2
12 Mg magnesium 2.33×10−2 2.8×10−2 2.7640×10−2 3.20×10−2 2.37×10−2 1.69×10−2 1.33×10−2 1.35×10−2
13 Al aluminium 8.23×10−2 8.0×10−2 8.3000×10−2 8.4100×10−2 8.3050×10−2 8.5200×10−2 8.0400×10−2 7.7400×10−2
14 Si silicon 2.82×10−1 2.7×10−1 2.72000×10−1 2.677×10−1 2.81×10−1 2.95×10−1 3.08×10−1 3.04×10−1
15 P phosphorus 1.05×10−3 1.0×10−3 1.120×10−3 7.63×10−4 8.30×10−4
16 S sulfur 3.50×10−4 3.0×10−4 3.40×10−4 8.81×10−4
17 Cl chlorine 1.45×10−4 1.9×10−4 1.26×10−4 1.900×10−3
18 Ar argon 3.5×10−6
19 K potassium 2.09×10−2 1.7×10−2 1.8400×10−2 9.100×10−3 1.7600×10−2 1.7000×10−2 2.8000×10−2 2.5700×10−2
20 Ca calcium 4.15×10−2 5.1×10−2 4.6600×10−2 5.2900×10−2 4.9200×10−2 3.4000×10−2 3.0000×10−2 2.9500×10−2
21 Sc scandium 2.2×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.5×10−5 3.0×10−5 2.14×10−5 1.1×10−5 7×10−6
22 Ti titanium 5.65×10−3 8.6×10−3 6.320×10−3 5.400×10−3 5.250×10−3 3.600×10−3 3.000×10−3 3.120×10−3
23 V vanadium 1.20×10−4 1.7×10−4 1.36×10−4 2.30×10−4 1.34×10−4 6.0×10−5 5.3×10−5
24 Cr chromium 1.02×10−4 9.6×10−5 1.22×10−4 1.85×10−4 1.46×10−4 5.6×10−5 3.5×10−5 3.5×10−5
25 Mn manganese 9.50×10−4 1.0×10−3 1.060×10−3 1.400×10−3 8.47×10−4 1.000×10−3 6.00×10−4 5.27×10−4
26 Fe iron 5.63×10−2 5.8×10−2 6.2000×10−2 7.07×10−2 4.92×10−2 3.8×10−2 3.50×10−2 3.09×10−2
27 Co cobalt 2.5×10−5 2.8×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.9×10−5 2.54×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.2×10−5
28 Ni nickel 8.4×10−5 7.2×10−5 9.9×10−5 1.05×10−4 6.95×10−5 3.5×10−5 2×10−5 1.9×10−5
29 Cu copper 6.0×10−5 5.8×10−5 6.8×10−5 7.5×10−5 4.7×10−5 2.5×10−5 1.4×10−5
30 Zn zinc 7.0×10−5 8.2×10−5 7.6×10−5 8.0×10−5 7.6×10−5 7.1×10−5 5.2×10−5
31 Ga gallium 1.9×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.9×10−5 1.8×10−5 1.86×10−5 1.7×10−5 1.4×10−5
32 Ge germanium 1.5×10−6 1.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.32×10−6 1.6×10−6
33 As arsenic 1.8×10−6 2.0×10−6 1.8×10−6 1.0×10−6 2.03×10−6 1.5×10−6
34 Se selenium 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 5×10−8 1.53×10−7 5×10−8
35 Br bromine 2.4×10−6 4.0×10−6 2.5×10−6 6.95×10−6
36 Kr krypton 1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium 9.0×10−5 7.0×10−5 7.8×10−5 3.2×10−5 7.90×10−5 6.1×10−5 1.12×10−4 1.10×10−4
38 Sr strontium 3.70×10−4 4.5×10−4 3.84×10−4 2.60×10−4 2.93×10−4 5.03×10−4 3.50×10−4 3.16×10−4
39 Y yttrium 3.3×10−5 3.5×10−7 3.1×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.4×10−5 2.2×10−5 2.1×10−5
40 Zr zirconium 1.65×10−4 1.4×10−4 1.62×10−4 1.00×10−4 2.10×10−4 1.90×10−4 2.40×10−4
41 Nb niobium 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 2.0×10−5 1.1000×10−5 1.3000×10−5 2.5000×10−5 2.6000×10−5
42 Mo molybdenum 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.500×10−6
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 1×10−9 1×10−10
45 Rh rhodium 1×10−9 1×10−10
46 Pd palladium 1.5×10−8 3×10−9 1.5×10−8 1.0×10−9 5×10−10
47 Ag silver 7.5×10−8 8×10−8 8×10−8 8.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8
48 Cd cadmium 1.5×10−7 1.8×10−7 1.6×10−7 9.8×10−8 1.00×10−7 9.8×10−8
49 In indium 2.5×10−7 2×10−7 2.4×10−7 5.0×10−8 6.95×10−8 5.0×10−8
50 Sn tin 2.3×10−6 1.5×10−6 2.1×10−6 2.500×10−6 5.500×10−6
51 Sb antimony 2×10−7 2×10−7 2×10−7 2.00×10−7 2.03×10−7 2.00×10−7
52 Te tellurium 1×10−9 1×10−9 2.03×10−9
53 I iodine 4.5×10−7 5×10−7 4.6×10−7 1.540×10−6
54 Xe xenon 3×10−11
55 Cs caesium 3×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.6×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 3.700×10−6
56 Ba barium 4.25×10−4 3.8×10−4 3.90×10−4 2.50000×10−4 5.42000×10−4 7.07000×10−4 5.50000×10−4 1.070000×10−3
57 La lanthanum 3.9×10−5 5.0×10−5 3.5×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.9000×10−5 2.8000×10−5 3.0000×10−5 3.200×10−6
58 Ce cerium 6.65×10−5 8.3×10−5 6.6×10−5 3.3000×10−5 5.4200×10−5 5.7000×10−5 6.4000×10−5 6.5000×10−5
59 Pr praseodymium 9.2×10−6 1.3×10−5 9.1×10−6 3.900×10−6 7.100×10−6
60 Nd neodymium 4.15×10−5 4.4×10−5 4.0×10−5 1.6000×10−5 2.5400×10−5 2.3000×10−5 2.6000×10−5 2.6000×10−5
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 7.05×10−6 7.7×10−6 7.0×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.590×10−6 4.100×10−6 4.500×10−6 4.500×10−6
63 Eu europium 2.0×10−6 2.2×10−6 2.1×10−6 1.100×10−6 1.407×10−6 1.090×10−6 8.80×10−7 9.40×10−7
64 Gd gadolinium 6.2×10−6 6.3×10−6 6.1×10−6 3.300×10−6 8.140×10−6 3.800×10−6 2.800×10−6
65 Tb terbium 1.2×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 6.00×10−7 1.020×10−6 5.30×10−7 6.40×10−7 4.80×10−7
66 Dy dysprosium 5.2×10−6 8.5×10−6 3.700×10−6 6.102×10−6 3.500×10−6
67 Ho holmium 1.3×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.3×10−6 7.80×10−7 1.860×10−6 8.00×10−7 6.20×10−7
68 Er erbium 3.5×10−6 3.6×10−6 3.5×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 2.300×10−6
69 Tm thulium 5.2×10−7 5.2×10−7 5×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.40×10−7 3.30×10−7
70 Yb ytterbium 3.2×10−6 3.4×10−6 3.1×10−6 2.200×10−6 3.390×10−6 1.530×10−6 2.200×10−6 1.500×10−6
71 Lu lutetium 8×10−7 8×10−7 3.00×10−7 5.76×10−7 2.30×10−7 3.20×10−7 2.30×10−7
72 Hf hafnium 3.0×10−6 4×10−6 2.8×10−6 3.000×10−6 3.460×10−6 4.700×10−6 5.800×10−6 5.800×10−6
73 Ta tantalum 2.0×10−6 2.4×10−6 1.7×10−6 1.000×10−6 2.203×10−6 2.200×10−6
74 W tungsten 1.25×10−6 1.0×10−6 1.2×10−6 1.000×10−6 1.310×10−6 2.000×10−6
75 Re rhenium 7×10−10 4×10−10 7×10−10 5×10−10 1.02×10−9 5×10−10
76 Os osmium 1.5×10−9 2×10−10 5×10−9 1.02×10−9
77 Ir iridium 1×10−9 2×10−10 1×10−9 1×10−10 1.02×10−9 2×10−11
78 Pt platinum 5×10−9 1×10−8
79 Au gold 4×10−9 2×10−9 4×10−9 3.0×10−9 4.07×10−9 1.8×10−9
80 Hg mercury 8.5×10−8 2×10−8 8×10−8
81 Tl thallium 8.5×10−7 4.7×10−7 7×10−7 3.60×10−7 7.50×10−7 5.20×10−7
82 Pb lead 1.4×10−5 1.0×10−5 1.3×10−5 8.000×10−6 1.5000×10−5 2.0000×10−5 1.7000×10−5
83 Bi bismuth 8.5×10−9 4×10−9 8×10−9 6.0×10−8 1.27×10−7
84 Po polonium 2×10−16
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon 4×10−19
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium 9×10−13
89 Ac actinium 5.5×10−16
90 Th thorium 9.6×10−6 5.8×10−6 8.1×10−6 3.500×10−6 5.700×10−6 1.0700×10−5 1.0000×10−5
91 Pa protactinium 1.4×10−12
92 U uranium 2.7×10−6 1.6×10−6 2.3×10−6 9.10×10−7 1.200×10−6 1.300×10−6 2.800×10−6 2.500×10−6
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

Urban soils

The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.

Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).

Element Atomic number Abundance in urban soils
Ag 47 0.37
Al 13 38200
As 33 15.9
B 5 45
Ba 56 853.12
Be 4 3.3
Bi 83 1.12
C 6 45100
Ca 20 53800
Cd 48 0.9
Cl 17 285
Co 27 14.1
Cr 24 80
Cs 55 5.0
Cu 29 39
Fe 26 22300
Ga 31 16.2
Ge 32 1.8
H 1 15000
Hg 80 0.88
K 19 13400
La 57 34
Li 3 49.5
Mg 12 7900
Mn 25 729
Mo 42 2.4
N 7 10000
Na 11 5800
Nb 41 15.7
Ni 28 33
O 8 490000
P 15 1200
Pb 82 54.5
Rb 37 58
S 16 1200
Sb 51 1.0
Sc 21 9.4
Si 14 289000
Sn 50 6.8
Sr 38 458
Ta 73 1.5
Ti 22 4758
Tl 81 1.1
V 23 104.9
W 74 2.9
Y 39 23.4
Yb 70 2.4
Zn 30 158
Zr 40 255.6

Sea water

  • W1 — CRC Handbook
  • W2 — Kaye & Laby

Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)

Element W1 W2
01 H hydrogen 1.08×10−1 1.1×10−1
02 He helium 7×10−12 7.2×10−12
03 Li lithium 1.8×10−7 1.7×10−7
04 Be beryllium 5.6×10−12 6×10−13
05 B boron 4.44×10−6 4.4×10−6
06 C carbon 2.8×10−5 2.8×10−5
07 N nitrogen 5×10−7 1.6×10−5
08 O oxygen 8.57×10−1 8.8×10−1
09 F fluorine 1.3×10−6 1.3×10−6
10 Ne neon 1.2×10−10 1.2×10−10
11 Na sodium 1.08×10−2 1.1×10−2
12 Mg magnesium 1.29×10−3 1.3×10−3
13 Al aluminium 2×10−9 1×10−9
14 Si silicon 2.2×10−6 2.9×10−6
15 P phosphorus 6×10−8 8.8×10−8
16 S sulfur 9.05×10−4 9.0×10−4
17 Cl chlorine 1.94×10−2 1.9×10−2
18 Ar argon 4.5×10−7 4.5×10−7
19 K potassium 3.99×10−4 3.9×10−4
20 Ca calcium 4.12×10−4 4.1×10−4
21 Sc scandium 6×10−13 < 4×10−12
22 Ti titanium 1×10−9 1×10−9
23 V vanadium 2.5×10−9 1.9×10−9
24 Cr chromium 3×10−10 2×10−10
25 Mn manganese 2×10−10 1.9×10−9
26 Fe iron 2×10−9 3.4×10−9
27 Co cobalt 2×10−11 3.9×10−10
28 Ni nickel 5.6×10−10 6.6×10−9
29 Cu copper 2.5×10−10 2.3×10−8
30 Zn zinc 4.9×10−9 1.1×10−8
31 Ga gallium 3×10−11 3×10−11
32 Ge germanium 5×10−11 6×10−11
33 As arsenic 3.7×10−9 2.6×10−9
34 Se selenium 2×10−10 9.0×10−11
35 Br bromine 6.73×10−5 6.7×10−5
36 Kr krypton 2.1×10−10 2.1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium 1.2×10−7 1.2×10−7
38 Sr strontium 7.9×10−6 8.1×10−6
39 Y yttrium 1.3×10−11 1.3×10−12
40 Zr zirconium 3×10−11 2.6×10−11
41 Nb niobium 1×10−11 1.5×10−11
42 Mo molybdenum 1×10−8 1.0×10−8
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 7×10−13
45 Rh rhodium
46 Pd palladium
47 Ag silver 4×10−11 2.8×10−10
48 Cd cadmium 1.1×10−10 1.1×10−10
49 In indium 2×10−8
50 Sn tin 4×10−12 8.1×10−10
51 Sb antimony 2.4×10−10 3.3×10−10
52 Te tellurium
53 I iodine 6×10−8 6.4×10−8
54 Xe xenon 5×10−11 4.7×10−11
55 Cs caesium 3×10−10 3.0×10−10
56 Ba barium 1.3×10−8 2.1×10−8
57 La lanthanum 3.4×10−12 3.4×10−12
58 Ce cerium 1.2×10−12 1.2×10−12
59 Pr praseodymium 6.4×10−13 6.4×10−13
60 Nd neodymium 2.8×10−12 2.8×10−12
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 4.5×10−13 4.5×10−13
63 Eu europium 1.3×10−13 1.3×10−13
64 Gd gadolinium 7×10−13 7.0×10−13
65 Tb terbium 1.4×10−13 1.4×10−12
66 Dy dysprosium 9.1×10−13 9.1×10−13
67 Ho holmium 2.2×10−13 2.2×10−13
68 Er erbium 8.7×10−13 8.7×10−12
69 Tm thulium 1.7×10−13 1.7×10−13
70 Yb ytterbium 8.2×10−13 8.2×10−13
71 Lu lutetium 1.5×10−13 1.5×10−13
72 Hf hafnium 7×10−12 < 8×10−12
73 Ta tantalum 2×10−12 < 2.5×10−12
74 W tungsten 1×10−10 < 1×10−12
75 Re rhenium 4×10−12
76 Os osmium
77 Ir iridium
78 Pt platinum
79 Au gold 4×10−12 1.1×10−11
80 Hg mercury 3×10−11 1.5×10−10
81 Tl thallium 1.9×10−11
82 Pb lead 3×10−11 3×10−11
83 Bi bismuth 2×10−11 2×10−11
84 Po polonium 1.5×10−20
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon 6×10−22
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium 8.9×10−17
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium 1×10−12 1.5×10−12
91 Pa protactinium 5×10−17
92 U uranium 3.2×10−9 3.3×10−9
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

Sun and Solar System

  • S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
  • Y1 — Solar System: Kaye & Laby
  • Y2 — Solar System: Ahrens, with uncertainty s (%)

Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.

Element S1 Y1 Y2
01 H hydrogen 2.8×104 2.8×104* 2.79×104
02 He helium 2.7×103 2.7×103* 2.72×103
03 Li lithium 4.0×10−7 5.7×10−5 5.71×10−5 (9.2%)
04 Be beryllium 4.0×10−7 7.0×10−7 7.30×10−7 (9.5%)
05 B boron 1.1×10−5 2.1×10−5 2.12×10−5 (10%)
06 C carbon 1.0×101 1.0×101* 1.01×101
07 N nitrogen 3.1×100 3.1×100* 3.13×100
08 O oxygen 2.4×101 2.4×101* 2.38×101 (10%)
09 F fluorine about 1.0×10−3 8.5×10−4 8.43×10−4 (15%)
10 Ne neon 3.0×100 3.0×100* 3.44×100 (14%)
11 Na sodium 6.0×10−2 5.7×10−2 5.74×10−2 (7.1%)
12 Mg magnesium 1.0×100 1.1×100 1.074×100 (3.8%)
13 Al aluminium 8.3×10−2 8.5×10−2 8.49×10−2 (3.6%)
14 Si silicon 1.0×100 1.0×100 1.0×100 (4.4%)
15 P phosphorus 8.0×10−3 1.0×10−2 1.04×10−2 (10%)
16 S sulfur 4.5×10−1 5.2×10−1 5.15×10−1 (13%)
17 Cl chlorine about 9.0×10−3 5.2×10−3 5.24×10−3 (15%)
18 Ar argon 1.0×10−1* 1.0×10−1* 1.01×10−1 (6%)
19 K potassium 3.7×10−3 3.8×10−3 3.77×10−3 (7.7%)
20 Ca calcium 6.4×10−2 6.1×10−2 6.11×10−2 (7.1%)
21 Sc scandium 3.5×10−5 3.4×10−5 3.42×10−5 (8.6%)
22 Ti titanium 2.7×10−3 2.4×10−3 2.40×10−3 (5.0%)
23 V vanadium 2.8×10−4 2.9×10−4 2.93×10−4 (5.1%)
24 Cr chromium 1.3×10−2 1.3×10−2 1.35×10−2 (7.6%)
25 Mn manganese 6.9×10−3 9.5×10−3 9.55×10−3 (9.6%)
26 Fe iron 9.0×10−1 9.0×10−1 9.00×10−1 (2.7%)
27 Co cobalt 2.3×10−3 2.3×10−3 2.25×10−3 (6.6%)
28 Ni nickel 5.0×10−2 5.0×10−2 4.93×10−2 (5.1%)
29 Cu copper 4.5×10−4 5.2×10−4 5.22×10−4 (11%)
30 Zn zinc 1.1×10−3 1.3×10−3 1.26×10−3 (4.4%)
31 Ga gallium 2.1×10−5 3.8×10−5 3.78×10−5 (6.9%)
32 Ge germanium 7.2×10−5 1.2×10−4 1.19×10−4 (9.6%)
33 As arsenic 6.6×10−6 6.56×10−6 (12%)
34 Se selenium 6.3×10−5 6.21×10−5 (6.4%)
35 Br bromine 1.2×10−5 1.18×10−5 (19%)
36 Kr krypton 4.8×10−5 4.50×10−5 (18%)
37 Rb rubidium 1.1×10−5 7.0×10−6 7.09×10−6 (6.6%)
38 Sr strontium 2.2×10−5 2.4×10−5 2.35×10−5 (8.1%)
39 Y yttrium 4.9×10−6 4.6×10−6 4.64×10−6 (6.0%)
40 Zr zirconium 1.12×10−5 1.14×10−5 1.14×10−5 (6.4%)
41 Nb niobium 7.0×10−7 7.0×10−7 6.98×10−7 (1.4%)
42 Mo molybdenum 2.3×10−6 2.6×10−6 2.55×10−6 (5.5%)
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium 1.9×10−6 1.9×10−6 1.86×10−6 (5.4%)
45 Rh rhodium 4.0×10−7 3.4×10−7 3.44×10−7 (8%)
46 Pd palladium 1.4×10−6 1.4×10−6 1.39×10−6 (6.6%)
47 Ag silver about 2.0×10−7 4.9×10−7 4.86×10−7 (2.9%)
48 Cd cadmium 2.0×10−6 1.6×10−6 1.61×10−6 (6.5%)
49 In indium about 1.3×10−6 1.9×10−7 1.84×10−7 (6.4%)
50 Sn tin about 3.0×10−6 3.9×10−6 3.82×10−6 (9.4%)
51 Sb antimony about 3.0×10−7 3.1×10−7 3.09×10−7 (18%)
52 Te tellurium 4.9×10−6 4.81×10−6 (10%)
53 I iodine 9.0×10−7 9.00×10−7 (21%)
54 Xe xenon 4.8×10−6 4.70×10−6 (20%)
55 Cs caesium 3.7×10−7 3.72×10−7 (5.6%)
56 Ba barium 3.8×10−6 4.5×10−6 4.49×10−6 (6.3%)
57 La lanthanum 5.0×10−7 4.4×10−7 4.46×10−7 (2.0%)
58 Ce cerium 1.0×10−6 1.1×10−6 1.136×10−6 (1.7%)
59 Pr praseodymium 1.4×10−7 1.7×10−7 1.669×10−7 (2.4%)
60 Nd neodymium 9.0×10−7 8.3×10−7 8.279×10−7 (1.3%)
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium 3.0×10−7 2.6×10−7 2.582×10−7 (1.3%)
63 Eu europium 9.0×10−8 9.7×10−8 9.73×10−8 (1.6%)
64 Gd gadolinium 3.7×10−7 3.3×10−7 3.30×10−7 (1.4%)
65 Tb terbium about 2.0×10−8 6.0×10−8 6.03×10−8 (2.2%)
66 Dy dysprosium 3.5×10−7 4.0×10−7 3.942×10−7 (1.4%)
67 Ho holmium about 5.0×10−8 8.9×10−8 8.89×10−8 (2.4%)
68 Er erbium 2.4×10−7 2.5×10−7 2.508×10−7 (1.3%)
69 Tm thulium about 3.0×10−8 3.8×10−8 3.78×10−8 (2.3%)
70 Yb ytterbium 3.4×10−7 2.5×10−7 2.479×10−7 (1.6%)
71 Lu lutetium about 1.5×10−7 3.7×10−8 3.67×10−8 (1.3%)
72 Hf hafnium 2.1×10−7 1.5×10−7 1.54×10−7 (1.9%)
73 Ta tantalum 3.8×10−8 2.07×10−8 (1.8%)
74 W tungsten about 3.6×10−7 1.3×10−7 1.33×10−7 (5.1%)
75 Re rhenium 5.0×10−8 5.17×10−8 (9.4%)
76 Os osmium 8.0×10−7 6.7×10−7 6.75×10−7 (6.3%)
77 Ir iridium 6.0×10−7 6.6×10−7 6.61×10−7 (6.1%)
78 Pt platinum about 1.8×10−6 1.34×10−6 1.34×10−6 (7.4%)
79 Au gold about 3.0×10−7 1.9×10−7 1.87×10−7 (15%)
80 Hg mercury 3.4×10−7 3.40×10−7 (12%)
81 Tl thallium about 2.0×10−7 1.9×10−7 1.84×10−7 (9.4%)
82 Pb lead 2.0×10−6 3.1×10−6 3.15×10−6 (7.8%)
83 Bi bismuth 1.4×10−7 1.44×10−7 (8.2%)
84 Po polonium
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium 5.0×10−8 4.5×10−8 3.35×10−8 (5.7%)
91 Pa protactinium
92 U uranium 1.8×10−8 9.00×10−9 (8.4%)
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

See also


This page was last updated at 2023-11-21 22:08 UTC. Update now. View original page.

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