Anthony de la Roché

Anthony de la Roché
Route of La Roché's voyage
from Chile to South Georgia
and on to Brazil
in 1675
BornMid-17th century
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Maritime explorer and merchant
Early voyages in the Southern or Antarctic Ocean
Chiloé Island
Nautical chart of Le Maire Strait and Isla de los Estados area; caution notes warn of local "very strong currents," "dangerous and heavy tide race" and "heavy race and foul tide"
17th-century merchantman
1703 map of southern South America by Guillaume Delisle featuring Roché Island, Strait de la Roché, Unknown Land and Isle Grande, along with the ship tracks of Coelho / Vespucci, Magellan, Sarmiento de Gamboa, La Roché, Sharp and Halley
Drygalski Fjord, a possible place of La Roché's stay in South Georgia
Location of Drygalski Fjord and Doubtful Bay
Satellite image of the southeast end of South Georgia
A 1777 South-Up chart by Capt. James Cook, according to which La Roché's strait running between Cooper Island, South Georgia and Clerke Rocks is 36 minutes of latitude or 67 km wide, and centred at 54°55′S 35°20′W / 54.917°S 35.333°W / -54.917; -35.333
Gonçalo Álvares (Gough) Island
Map of Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha island group
Capt. Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse's detour in 1785 to search for Isle Grande in an area situated due north of South Georgia and west-southwest of Gough Island, the latter shown on the map as Diego Alvarez

Anthony de la Roché (spelled also Antoine de la Roché, Antonio de la Roché or Antonio de la Roca in some sources) was a 17th-century English maritime explorer and merchant, born in London to a French Huguenot father and an English mother, who took part in a joint venture established by English and Dutch shipowners in the Spanish port city of Cádiz in order to engage in the lucrative New World trade. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was blown off course in Drake Passage and visited the island of South Georgia in 1675, making the first discovery of land in the Antarctic. In doing so he crossed the Antarctic Convergence, a natural boundary of the Antarctic region that would be described a quarter of a century later by the English scientist Edmund Halley.

1675 voyage

Discovery of Roché Island / South Georgia

Having acquired a 350-ton ship and a bilander of 50 tons in Hamburg, with 56 men in the two vessels, La Roché obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in Spanish America. He called at the Canary Islands in May 1674, and in October that year arrived in the port of Callao in the Viceroyalty of Peru by way of Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn. On his return voyage, the vessels were careened on the coast of Chiloé Island, Chile and sailed for Baía de Todos os Santos (Salvador), Brazil.

In April 1675 La Roché rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the tricky waters off Staten Island (Isla de los Estados). He failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor could he round the eastern tip of Staten Island "to sail into the No. Sea by Brouwer’s Strait" (a mythical passage present on the old maps since the 1643 Dutch expedition of Admiral Hendrik Brouwer), with "the Winds and Currents having carried them so far to the Eastward."

Eventually, they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly Drygalski Fjord or Doubtful Bay, according to Matthews and other authors – where the battered ships anchored for a fortnight.

According to La Roché's account of the events reportedly published in French in London in 1678 and its surviving 1690 Spanish précis by the mariner, cosmographer and writer Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera (translated into English by Alexander Dalrymple, the first Hydrographer of the British Admiralty), "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. fathoms sand and rock." The surrounding glaciated, mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather."

Once the weather cleared up, they set sail and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia sighted on their starboard Clerke Rocks (Seixas y Lovera's "Southern land"), a group of conspicuous rocky islets extending 11 km in east–west direction and rising to 244 m (James Cook's "Sugar-Loaf Peak") some 60 km to the east-southeast.

Fleurieu, Burney, Fitte and Destéfani variant routes

French naval officer, explorer and hydrographer Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu opined that La Roché's strait was actually Stewart Strait running between Willis Islands and Bird Island off the northwestern tip of South Georgia, traversed and mapped by Capt. James Cook in 1775, which however is 3.6 km (less than one league) wide, with no point or cape stretching out to the southeast.

For quite some time in the 20th century, the even narrower (550 m wide) nearby passage separating Bird Island from the main island of South Georgia used to appear as La Roché Strait, La-Roche-Straße or Estrecho La Roche on Admiralty charts and in other publications. This version was eventually discarded due to its discord with the existing historical description, and the passage got renamed to Bird Sound. Likewise, the one-kilometer wide Cooper Sound separating Cooper Island from mainland South Georgia is too narrow to qualify as a possible La Roché Strait.

British naval officer and author James Burney conjectured that La Roché might have visited not South Georgia but the Falkland Islands instead (known at that time as John Davis's South Land or Sebald Islands, not yet Malouines, Falklands or Malvinas), possibly anchored in the Bay of Harbours or Eagle Passage area, and upon his departure sailed east with the flat, boggy Lafonia Peninsula on his port and Beauchene Island on his starboard.

In a variant Falklands version, Argentine historian Ernesto Fitte identified La Roché Strait with the Falkland Sound separating the two main islands of the Falklands archipelago. That passage, however, is some 90 km long – no way of disemboguing through it "in 3 Glasses" – and narrowing to less than 5 km rather than "10 leagues little more or less."

Argentine naval officer and historian Laurio Destéfani referred to the possibility of Roché Island actually being Beauchene Island itself. Yet there is no land to the southeast of Beauchene, whether within visibility range or further beyond, hence no "said Passage." Furthermore, with its elevation of 70 m that island could hardly be one of the two "high lands" in Seixas y Lovera’s summary.

One common drawback of Burney's conjecture and its varieties is that the Falkland Islands are not known for their "snow mountains near the coast."

Another drawback would stem from La Roché's approaching his island from the west ("the Land which they now began to see toward the East"). Indeed, in such a westerly location with respect to the Falklands he would have already been in the "North Sea," even before his two-week anchorage and before sailing his strait – something refuted by the report narrating that, on departure, "steering ENE they found themselves in the No. Sea." (According to American historian Mark Peterson, "maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries commonly referred to the entire Atlantic as the North Sea … even the southernmost regions of the Atlantic, the waters to the east of Argentina and Tierra del Fuego …")

That a sailing ship in Drake Passage could be blown off course and find itself near South Georgia was demonstrated by the Spanish merchant ship León captained by Gregorio Jerez on a voyage in service of the French company Sieur Duclos of Saint-Malo, which ship made the second sighting of the island in June 1756. On that particular occasion, the Board of Expert Pilots in Cádiz examined the ship pilot Henri Cormer’s report and concluded that the island was probably that sighted by Antoine de la Roche in 1675.

Gough Island landing and Cook's mapping error

Several days after his departure from South Georgia, La Roché came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish" and spent six days "without seeing any human being", thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the South Atlantic island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator Gonçalo Álvares in 1505, called Gonçalo Álvares Island (sometimes erringly Diego Álvarez Island), and better known as Gough Island since 1732.

Following the 1675 voyage, a sizeable island named Isle Grande, Isla Grande or Isle Grand was placed on the map mostly northeast of Roché Island (like on the 1703 map by Guillaume Delisle, 1710 map by Nicolaes Visscher or 1715 map by Herman Moll referred to below) and west-southwest of Gough Island, with near five degree difference in latitude with respect to the latter.

However, when Roché Island was relocated on the map eastwards to its precise longitude ascertained by James Cook in 1775 (using a Kendall copy of Harrison's marine chronometer), the cartographers would seem to have overlooked the necessity to adjust the location of Isle Grande accordingly. Apparently, the original error of placing Isle Grande due north rather than northeast of South Georgia was committed by Cook himself in his 1777 chart of the southern hemisphere referred to below, and widely upheld by others because of his impeccable cartographic authority.

As a result of that Lapérouse, Vancouver, Colnett, von Bellingshausen and other mariners sought in vain to find Isle Grande as mapped north of South Georgia (like on the 1790 map by de:Johann Walch, 1796 map by Mathew Carey or 1804 map by Jedidiah Morse referred to below) instead of northeast of it. For instance, on his way to the Pacific via Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn, Capt. Lapérouse made in November-December 1785 a forty-day detour from the Brazilian island of Santa Catarina to an area north of South Georgia in fruitless search of Isle Grande.

In his attempted reconstruction of the events Burney found a possible place of landing as far west as the coast of Patagonia, at the projecting headlands of either Cabo Dos Bahías or Punta Santa Elena (south and north entrance to Camarones Bay respectively). Each of these, it was said, "afar off appears like an island." However, for La Roché and his companions it was no afar off appearance as they approached, landed, and spent time ashore.

British naval officer and prolific author Rupert Gould endorsed Burney’s Patagonian conjecture but not his Falklands one, and regarded La Roché as either discoverer or rediscoverer of South Georgia.

La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador, and eventually arrived in La Rochelle, France on 29 September 1675.

Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis

Brazilian historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, following French naval officer and explorer Louis-Isidore Duperrey, supposed that South Georgia might have been discovered as early as April 1502 by a Portuguese expedition led by Gonçalo Coelho, finding evidence of this in an episode reported by Florentine Amerigo Vespucci. According to the latter’s account, from Brazil the expedition headed south and reached 52°S latitude, from where, after a four-day voyage in turbulent weather they encountered land and sailed "about 20 leagues" along a rocky coast in severe cold weather.

Vespucci made no mention of snow/ice cover, something with which South Georgia invariably impresses seafarers. For instance, Cook described Possession Bay, South Georgia like this: "The head of the bay, as well as two places on each side, was terminated by perpendicular ice-cliffs of considerable height. Pieces were continually breaking off, and floating out to sea; and a great fall happened while we were in the bay, which made a noise like cannon … and the valleys lay covered with everlasting snow." The island has been described like "the Alps in mid-ocean" or "the Himalayas seen from Simla.".

Vespucci wrote, however, that the night there was fifteen hours long, which on the date in question (7 April, 17 April New Style) was valid 2,000 km south of 52°S – a location unattainable in four days. Indeed, the estimated top speed of a ship like Coelho’s caravel was 8 knots or 356 km per day.

Coelho’s voyage was commissioned by King Manuel I of Portugal and duly documented in the Portuguese archives which, however, have no reports of venturing that far south, and indeed no information sourced to Vespucci.

In comparison, Seixas y Lovera’s work Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica (for which there is evidence of governmental aid for its printing costs) was duly licensed, endorsed and officially reported to Charles II of Spain in his Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies in 1690, its publication and translation into French making the reported European and Spanish American developments related to La Roché's voyage open to wider scrutiny. The 1690 Spanish map of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego area was officially presented before the Council in 1692, while Seixas y Lovera's 1688 book Theatro Naval Hydrographico extensively referring to Roché Passage had two Spanish editions and was translated into French.

Alexander von Humboldt respectfully disagreed with Duperrey, and thought that Vespucci must have been driven back by a storm and seen part of the east Patagonian coast. According to British historians Eric Christie and Robert Headland, the analysis of historical evidence refutes the Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis.

Legacy

Maritime navigation and exploration

1802 Map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks by Capt. Isaac Pendleton

Following the 1675 voyage cartographers started to depict on their maps Roché Island or Land of la Roché, Terre de la Roché, with Strait(s) de la Roché separating it from an Unknown Land, with these features situated somewhat to the eastward of Tierra del Fuego, and Isle Grande (seldom Ile de la Roché, la Roche’s Island or Isla de la Roca) – that "very great and nice island" in the middle of South Atlantic Ocean.

Apart from mapping, both La Roché and his geographic discoveries were used in encyclopedic editions and dictionaries, scientific and popular publications, video gaming, commercial promotion etc. (see Bibliography).

Well aware of La Roché's discovery, James Cook mentioned it in his ship's logbook upon approaching South Georgia one hundred years later in January 1775, and later wrote in the general introduction to his 1777 book: "In April 1675, Anthony la Roche, an English merchant, in his return from the South Pacific Ocean, where he had been on a trading voyage, being carried, by the winds and currents, far to the East of Strait La Maire, fell in with a coast, which may possibly be the same with that which I visited during this voyage, and have called the Island of Georgia."

Cook made the first recorded landing, surveyed and mapped Roché Island, and renamed and claimed it for King George III of Great Britain and Ireland. (Fleurieu disapproved of the name change disrespecting early discovery, and recommended that the island "should not be called New Georgia." Cook was more considerate in the case of Kerguelen though, island that he visited in 1776 and noted: "which, from its sterility, I should, with great propriety, call the Island of Desolation, but that I would not rob Monsieur de Kerguelen of the honour of its bearing his name.")

German naturalist Georg Forster, scientist in Cook’s expedition, also knew of La Roché’s discovery. So did naval officer and explorer James Colnett, then a midshipman in the expedition who later wrote of "the land discovered by Monsieur La Roche, in Latitude 55° South, which I touched at with Captain Cook …"

Comments on La Roché's discoveries could be found in the ship's journals of notable explorers such as Britain's James Cook and George Vancouver, France's Lapérouse and Russia's von Bellingshausen, also in Dalrymple’s Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean, The Nautical Magazine for 1835 and multiple editions of the authoritative Laurie’s Sailing Directory by John Purdy and by Alexander Findlay.

The second-ever map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks, made in 1802 by Capt. Isaac Pendleton of the American sealing vessel Union and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer Arnaldo Faustini in 1906, was entitled South Georgia: Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675. While Pendleton probably erred regarding La Roché's nationality due to his French last name, British historian Peter Bradley noted that "(d)espite the suggestion that La Roché was English, the name and the return to La Rochelle … appear to indicate a French connection."

Some authors maintain that La Roché was a Spaniard ("… a century before, the Spaniard Antonio de la Roca had discovered Georgia …") yet provide no evidence.

La Roché was quoted in relation to his compass variation data, too.

Sovereignty implications

Various reckonings of the Tordesillas line according to Henry Harrisse, all of them running west of the meridian 42°20'W and thus west of South Georgia and Gough, potentially leaving those islands to Portugal

Both the discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and the landing on Isle Grande (Gough Island) in 1675 had little if any sovereignty implications, as the islands were not even claimed on that occasion. A sort of antecedent in that respect might have been the territorial delimitation provisions of the Treaty of Tordesillas concluded in 1454 between Portugal and Spain which, if applied, would have left those islands to the former. Portugal, however, never claimed the islands. Neither did Spain, and major European powers of that time like France, England and the newly independent Netherlands denied any validity to the Iberian agreement anyway. Claiming would have to wait until 1775 and 1938 respectively, in both cases by Britain.

Maps and charts

The following 17th, 18th and 19th-century maps and charts reflect the geographical knowledge gained from La Roché's 1674-75 voyage:

Honours

Roché Peak, the summit of Bird Island, South Georgia, and Roché Glacier in Vinson Massif, Antarctica are named for Anthony de la Roché.

The Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands issued in 2000 a two pound coin commemorating the 325th anniversary of the discovery of South Georgia by La Roché.

Namesake

A sea captain named Anthony de la Roche was reportedly in command of a merchant ship owned by the prominent Bermudian Henry Corbusier in the late 1770s, having previously commanded the ship Saint James of Bordeaux, France, which was wrecked.

Gallery

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Headland, Robert Keith. (1984). The Island of South Georgia. Cambridge University Press. 293 pp. ISBN 0-521-25274-1 (Shows on p. 24 the track of La Roché's in South Georgia waters.) / 1982 concise account
  2. ^ a b Capt. Ferrer Fougá, Hernán. (2003). El hito austral del confín de América: El cabo de Hornos. (Siglos XVI–XVII–XVIII). (Primera parte) Archived 10 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Revista de Marina, Valparaíso, N° 6.
  3. ^ ICJ. (1955). Origins of the British Titles, Historic Discoveries and Acts of Annexation by British Nationals in the Period 1675-1843. Application instituting proceedings: Antarctica cases (United Kingdom v. Argentina; United Kingdom v. Chile). The Hague: International Court of Justice, 4 May 1955.
  4. ^ a b c d e Dalrymple, Alexander. (1775). A Collection of Voyages Chiefly in The Southern Atlantick Ocean. London. (Includes a chapter on La Roché, and an extract (in French) from the logbook of French merchant and mariner Nicolas Pierre Duclos-Guyot onboard the Spanish ship León that sighted Roché Island in 1756.)
  5. ^ a b c d e f Burney, James. (1813). A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean: Part III: From the Year 1620, to the Year 1688. London: Luke Hansard & Sons. pp. 395–403. (Discusses various aspects of La Roché's voyage.)
  6. ^ a b Matthews, L. Harrison. (1931). South Georgia: The British Empire's Sub-Antarctic Outpost. Bristol: John Wright; and London: Simpkin Marshall.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ivanov, Lyubomir & Nusha Ivanova. Roché Island / South Georgia. In: The World of Antarctica. Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 68–70. ISBN 979-8-88676-403-1
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Capt. Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1690). Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica. Que se dirige al Rey nuestro señor, gran monarca de España, y sus dominios en Europa, Emperador del Nuevo Mundo Americano, y Rey de los reynos de la Filipinas y Malucas. Por mano del excelentissimo señor marques de los Velez, Gentilhombre de la Camara de su Magestad, de sus Consejos de Estado, y Guerra, y Presidente del Real, y Supremo Consejo de Indias, y de las Reales Iuntas de la Superintendencia de las Real Hazieda, y de Armadas, y Presidios. Madrid: Antonio de Zafra. Capítulo IIII: Título XIX. (Sailing Directions for the Magellanic Region, narrate the discovery of South Georgia by the Englishman Anthony de la Roché in April 1675.) / Relevant fragment
  9. ^ a b c Vicente Maroto, Isabel. (2018). Francisco de Seijas y Lobera. Real Academia de la Historia. Accessed 2024.
  10. ^ Díaz-Fierros Viqueira, Francisco. (2012). Francisco de Seijas y Lobera: A navigator across the world's seas. Álbum da Ciencia. Culturagalega.org. Consello da Cultura Galega. Accessed 2024.
  11. ^ Lage-Seara, Antonio. (2022.) Francisco de Seyxas: corsario, científico y aventurero. Mundiario, August 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup de. (1807). A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe: Under the Command of J.-F.G. de la Pérouse. Ed. F.A.M. de la Rúa. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Company. pp. 71–81. / French version
  13. ^ Gionco, Daniel G. (2021). Mapa de los islotes o rocas Clerke (Georgias del Sur). El Apostadero Naval Malvinas en Internet. Accessed 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d Cook, James. (1777). A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships. Volume II. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / Relevant fragment
  15. ^ a b Cook, James. (1777). Chart of the Discoveries made in the South Atlantic Ocean, in His Majestys Ship Resolution, under the Command of Captain Cook, in January 1775. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / Relevant fragment
  16. ^ GSGSSI. (2020). South Georgia GIS. British Antarctic Survey. Accessed 2024.
  17. ^ Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. (1930). An den Toren der Antarktis. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. 300 pp.
  18. ^ Pierrou, Enrique Jorge. (1970). Toponimia del Sector Antártico Argentino. Buenos Aires: Armada Nacional. 746 p.
  19. ^ Comando de Operaciones Navales. (n.d.). Islas Georgias: Topografía, Fojas No. 3-4; Relación de cartas agregadas: Islas Willis y Pájaro. Historial 44. (Describes in detail Estrecho La Roche and mentions some possible early sightings of South Georgia; inserted chart of Willis and Bird Islands featuring La Roche Strait)
  20. ^ Alfonso, Carlos L. (2012). La Corbeta ARA Guerrico y El Conflicto Austral Grytviken −Georgias Del Sur−, El "Ataque Frustado" y El Control Del Mar. Boletín del Centro Naval Nº 832. Buenos Aires, Enero/Abril 2012. p. 50. (Recent use of the place name Estrecho La Roche.)
  21. ^ a b GSGSSI. (2024). South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazetteer. London: UK Antarctic Place-names Committee.
  22. ^ Fitte, Ernesto J. (1968). La disputa con Gran Bretaña por las islas del Atlántico Sur. Buenos Aires: Emecé. p. 47.
  23. ^ Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982). The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands: the conflict with Britain. Buenos Aires: Edipress S.A. p. 111.
  24. ^ Peterson, Mark. (2005). Naming the Pacific: how Magellan’s relief came to stick, and what it stuck to. Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life. Ed. Joshua Greenberg. Accessed 2024. (Explains the origins of the early place name North Sea in the Americas.)
  25. ^ Teixeira, Pedro & Diego Ramirez de Arellano. (1621). Reconocimiento de los Estrechos de Magallanes y San Vicente. Madrid. (A Spanish map marking as Mar del Norte i.e. North Sea the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan; Estrecho de San Vicente being another name for Le Maire Strait.)
  26. ^ Hondius, Hendrik. (1633). Freti Magellanici ac novi freti vulgo le Maire. Amsterdam. (A Dutch map marking as Mar del Norte the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan.)
  27. ^ Headland, Robert Keith. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. London: Bernard Quaritch. 716 pp. / Extract
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  54. ^ Faustini, Arnaldo. (1906). Di una carta nautica inedita della Georgia Austral. Revista Geografica Italiana, Firenze, 13(6). pp. 343–351.
  55. ^ Bradley, Peter T. (1999). British maritime enterprise in the New World: From the late fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. p. 443.
  56. ^ García-Verdugo, J. Carlos. (Marzo 1983). El valor estrategico de las Malvinas. Revista de Aeronautica y Astronautica. Num. 507. p. 250.
  57. ^ Harrisse, Henry. (1897). The Diplomatic History of America: Its First Chapter 1452–1493–1494. London: B.F. Stevens. pp. 152–154.
  58. ^ Hänel, Christine. (2008). Gough Island 500 years after its discovery: a bibliography of scientific and popular literature 1505 to 2005. South African Journal of Science. Vol. 104 No. 9-10.
  59. ^ Alberts, Fred G. (ed.). (1995). Roché Peak. Geographic Names of the Antarctic. Second edition. National Science Foundation. p. 625.
  60. ^ Roché Glacier. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
  61. ^ Stewart, John. (2011). Antarctica: An Encyclopedia. Jefferson, NC & London: McFarland. 1771 pp.
  62. ^ Antoine de la Roché: Discovery 1675: Two Pounds. South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, 2000.
  63. ^ Tucker, Terry (ed.). (1973). Bermuda Historical Quarterly. Volumes 30-31. Hamilton, Bermuda.

Bibliography

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