Language subgroup of Southeast Asia and Madagascar
The Barito languages are around twenty Austronesian languages of Indonesia (Borneo), plus Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar. They are named after the Barito River located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The Barito subgroup was first proposed by Hudson (1967), comprising the three branches East Barito, West Barito, and Mahakam (Barito–Mahakam). It is thought by some to be a Sprachbund rather than a genuine clade. For example, Adelaar (2005) rejects Barito as a valid group despite accepting less traditional groups such as North Bornean and Malayo-Sumbawan.
The Malagasy language originates from the Southeast Barito languages, and Ma'anyan is its closest relative, with numerous Malay (close to Indonesian) and Javanese loanwords. It known that Ma'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD.
Greater Barito
Blust (2006) proposes that the Sama-Bajaw languages also derive from the Barito lexical region, though not from any established group, and Ethnologue has followed, calling the resulting group 'Greater Barito'.
Smith (2017, 2018) proposes a Greater Barito linkage with the following branches, and considers Basap to be a sister of the Greater Barito linkage, forming a Basap–Greater Barito group.
- Basap–Greater Barito
- Basap
- Greater Barito
- Northwest Barito (Kadorih, Siang, Murung)
- Southwest Barito (Ngaju, Kapuas, Bakumpai)
- Sama–Bajaw (Yakan, etc.)
- Southeast Barito (Ma'anyan, Dusun Witu, Dusun Balangan, Malagasy)
- Central-East Barito (Dusun Malang, Dusun Bayang, Paku, Semihim)
- Northeast Barito (Taboyan, Lawangan, Bentian, Pasir, Benuaq)
- Tunjung
The earlier groupings East Barito (comprising Smith's Southeast Barito, Central-East Barito and Northeast Barito) and West Barito (comprising Southwest Barito and Northwest Barito) are rejected by Smith.
West Kalimantan groups
Some Barito-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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