Bayezid II Hamam

The Bayezid II Hamam seen from Divanyolu street (iin 2016, after restoration)

The Bayezid II Hamam (Turkish: Beyazıt Hamamı) is a historic bathhouse (hamam) in Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the largest hamams in the city.[1][2] It was historically part of the külliye (religious and charitable complex) of the Bayezid II Mosque located nearby.[3]:130 The hamam is located on Divanyolu Street, a short distance west of the mosque.

History

Interior of the camekan of the hamam (old photograph)

The Bayezid II Mosque and külliye is among the oldest examples of an imperial mosque and charitable complex in Istanbul (preceded only by the Fatih Mosque and complex). The mosque was constructed between 1500 and 1505, its medrese (madrasa) was completed in 1507, and it also included an imaret (public kitchen), a caravanserai, and several mausoleums (türbes). The architect of the complex is not firmly established but Yakubşah ibn Islamşah is cited by some scholars as the most likely chief architect, with the other candidate being Hayreddin, though at least one of Yakubşah's assistant architects succeeded him to finish the medrese.[4] The Bayezid Hamam is mentioned in historical documents in 1507, meaning it must have been completed before this date.[5] Soon after construction the hamam was donated to a vakfiye (waqf) for another külliye commissioned by Gülbahar Hatun, Bayezid's wife and the mother of Selim I.[5] (Though there is some confusion on this point, with some sources saying that Gülbahar commissioned the hamam herself and donated it to Bayezid II's complex.[2]) Fragments of the ancient triumphal column from the adjacent Forum of Theodosius have been discovered built into the hammam's foundation.[6]

The baths were renovated following a fire in 1714.[1] The baths are also popularly associated with Patrona Halil, leader of an uprising that deposed Ahmed III in 1730, who is said to have been employed as an hamam attendant here.[5][1][7]

By the end of the 20th century the hamam was in a state of disrepair.[6][8] In 2000 the hamam was expropriated and transferred to the ownership of Istanbul University.[7] It underwent a long restoration process starting in 2003 and continuing until at least 2010.[7][6] In 2013 the building's conversion to a museum began, and in May 2015 it opened as the of Turkish Hamam Culture Museum (Türk Hamam Kültürü Müzesi), with exhibition halls and exhibits focusing on the historical culture surrounding the hamams of Istanbul.[7][2]

Architecture

The domes of the hamam (in 2016)

The hamam is one of the largest in the city[1] and is considered a good example of hamam design in the era of classical Ottoman architecture.[5] It's monumental appearance from the outside and its tall entrance portal earned it the name Hamam-ı Kebir ("Grand Bathhouse").[2][5] It is a double hamam, meaning that there are twin facilities; one for women, one for men. Each side was composed of an enormous domed chamber, the camekân (undressing room; also referred to as the cold room or soğukluk), followed by the ılıklık (warm room or intermediate room) and the hararet (hot room).[9][6] The women's camekân is slightly smaller than the men's. The dome of the men's camekân has a diameter of 15 meters.[5] The warm room consists of a three-winged room with a central doom and three other domes arranged at right angles around it, with two other rooms in the corners between them. The hot room is of a similar layout except with four instead of three wings, arranged in a cross, each with a dome, and with another domed room in each corner. The hamam's interior featured carved stucco decoration similar to earlier examples found in Edirne's monuments, with some of the original decoration remaining in the corners of the domes. The camekan's domes have grooved squinches, the warm room's domes have muqarnas squinches, and the hot room's domes have pendentives with arabesque-like carvings.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "II. Bayezid Külliyesi (Istanbul)". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  2. ^ a b c d Üniversitesi, İstanbul. "İstanbul's Largest Bath: İstanbul University II. Bayezid Turkish Bath (Hamam) Museum". www.istanbul.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  3. ^ Kuran, Aptullah (1996). Necipoglu, Gülru (ed.). "A Spatial Study of Three Ottoman Capitals: Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul". Muqarnas. 13: 114–131.
  4. ^ Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 200–206.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Antique Collectors' Club. pp. 227–228.
  6. ^ a b c d Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City (Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
  7. ^ a b c d Üniversitesi, İstanbul. "Türk Hamam Kültürü Müzesi - Tarihçe". turkhamamkulturu.istanbul.edu.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  8. ^ Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800. Yale University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9780300064650.
  9. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Bath". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.

Coordinates: 41°0′35.8″N 28°57′41.4″E / 41.009944°N 28.961500°E / 41.009944; 28.961500


This page was last updated at 2020-10-27 03:36 UTC. Update now. View original page.

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