Turkoman beylik in Anatolia (14-15th centuries)
Beylik of Erzincan was a principality (Turkish: beylik) in East Anatolia, Turkey in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
Background
After the battle of Kösedağ in 1243, Ilkhanid Mongols became the de facto rulers of Anatolia. However, after Ilkhanids disintegrated in the fourteenth century, former generals and bureaucrats of Ilkhanids as well as tribes under Ilkhanid yoke declared independence. The beylik of Erzincan was one of them.
Emergence of the beylik
Erzincan was an east frontier town of the beylik of Eretna. Pir Hüseyin, the governor of the city, died in 1379 and a certain Mutaharten (also known as Trata or Tahirten) replaced him. His origin is obscure. But probably he was of Uyghur origin and a relative of the bey of Eretnids. (Uyghurs served as bureaucrats in Mongol states.) After the interregnum in Eretnids in 1380, he declared independence. However, after Kadi Burhanettin declared himself as the ruler of the former Eretnid territory in 1381, Mutaherten saw himself in a difficult situation; for all of his neighbours, namely dominions of Burhanettin, Empire of Trebizond, Kingdom of Georgia, Sultanate of Akkoyunlu (White sheep Turkmens) etc. were more powerful than his small principality. So he adopted a policy of intrigue to protect the independency.
Mutaherten's last years
Burhanettin died in 1398. But Ottoman sultan Beyazit I annexed the former Eretnid territory to his realm and began threatening the beylik of Eretna. Timur’s invasion of Anatolia at the beginning of the fifteenth century was a brief period of relief for Mutaherten who readily accepted the suzerainty of Timur. But shortly after the Battle of Ankara in 1402, victorious Timur left Anatolia. The next year Mutaherten died.
Last years of the beylik
After his death the beylik ceased to play any role in the affairs of Anatolia. According to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, a Spanish envoy to Timur, Mutaherten's nephew Ali tried to succeed him. But Mutaherten's son (whose name is not known) was able to ascend to throne. In 1410, Şeyh Hasan, Mutaherten's grandson was the ruler of the city. But Kara Yusuf, the sultan of Kara Koyunlu, captured Erzincan and put an end to the beylik.
List of rulers
- Ahi Ayna (1348–1362)
- Pir Hussayn (1362–1379)
- Mutahharten (1379–1400)
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- Founder
- Sökmen el Kutbi
- Capital
- Ahlat
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Dynasty: |
- Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
- Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
- Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
- Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
- Aksungur (1193–1197)
- Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
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Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: |
- Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
- Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
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Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: |
- Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
- Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
- Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
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Harput Dynasty: |
- Belek Bey (1112–1124)
- Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
- Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
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Dynasty: |
- Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
- Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
- 1120–1142
- Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
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Erzincan and Kemah Branch | |
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Divriği Branch |
- Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
- 1277
- Beylik destroyed by Abaka
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- Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
- Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
- Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
- Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
- Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
- Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
- Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
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- Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
- Umur Beg (1334–1348)
- Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)
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Events |
- 1390
- First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
- 1402–1414
- Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
- Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
- İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
- 1425
- Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
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- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
- Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
- Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
- Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
- Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
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Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : |
- Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
- Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
- Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
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- Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
- Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
- Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
- Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
- Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
- Melik Arslan (?-?)
- Shah Budak (?-1492)
- Şahsuvar (?-?)
- Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
- Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
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Dynasty: |
- Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
- Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
- Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)
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- Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
- Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
- Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
- Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
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- Ancestor
- Melik Danişmend Gazi
- Founder
- Karesi Bey
- Capital
- Balıkesir
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Dynasty: |
- Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
- Demir Han (1328–1345)
- Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
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- Ancestor
- Germiyanlı Ali Bey
- Founder
- Inanç Bey
- Capital
- Denizli
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Dynasty: |
- Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
- Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
- Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
- Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
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- Founder
- Menteshe Bey
- Capitals
- Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
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Dynasty: |
- Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
- Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
- Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
- Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)
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- Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
- Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
- Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
- Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
- Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
- Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
- Dündar Bey (? - ?)
- Omer Bey (?-1490)
- Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
- Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
- Selim Bey (?-?)
- Kubad Bey (1517-?)
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Dynasty |
- Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
- Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)
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Dynasty |
- Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
- Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
- Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
- Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
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Dynasty: |
- Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
- Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
- Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
- Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
- Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
- Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
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Muslim states | |
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Christian states | |
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