Inscriptions in the ancient Canaanite and Aramaic languages
The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan , Palestine , Israel , Lebanon and Syria ).
The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions , also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions , are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians , Hebrews and Arameans . Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca , ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts.
The older inscriptions form a Canaanite –Aramaic dialect continuum , exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla Inscription .
The Northwest Semitic languages are a language group that contains the Aramaic language , as well as the Canaanite languages including Phoenician and Hebrew .
Languages
This article lists the notable inscriptions written in Canaanite (previously known as "Phoenician" and today split into Phoenician-proper, paleo-Hebrew, Punic etc), as well as Old Aramaic. These inscriptions share an alphabet, as shown in these 1903 comparison tables.
The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East . Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Aramaic speakers from Egypt to Mesopotamia. The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela , found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time.
Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician -Punic , a Canaanite language, are known, such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages." The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus , a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example for an analysis). Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested , including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig 's analysis in 1983. This compares to the Bible 's 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew . The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart , found in 1694 in Malta ; the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II published in 1855.
Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew , another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word. The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription , found in 1870.
List of notable inscriptions
The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic ) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:
Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (1828). Miscellanea Phoenicia, sive Commentarii de rebus Phoenicum, quibus inscriptiones multae lapidum ac nummorum, nominaque propria hominum et locorum explicantur, item Punicae gentis lingua et religiones passim illustrantur . S. et J. Luchtmans. : Hamaker's review assessed 13 inscriptions
Wilhelm Gesenius , Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae . In the 1830s, only approximately 80 inscriptions and 60 coins were known in the entire Phoenicio-Punic corpus
Schröder, Paul [in German] (1869). Die phönizische sprache. Entwurf Einer Grammatik, Nebst Sprach- und Schriftproben . Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. : The first study of Phoenician grammar, listed 332 texts known at the time
CIS : Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum ; the first section is focused on Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions)
KAI : Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften , considered the "gold standard" for the last fifty years
NSI : George Albert Cooke , 1903: Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish
NE : Mark Lidzbarski , 1898: Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik, nebst ausgewählten Inschriften: I Text and II Plates
KI : Lidzbarski, Mark (1907). Kanaanäische Inschriften (moabitisch, althebräisch, phönizisch, punisch) . A. Töpelmann.
TSSI : Gibson, J. C. L. (1971). Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: I. Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions . OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-813159-5 . Volume III. Phoenician Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash (Oxford: OUP, 1982; ISBN 978-0-19-813199-1 )
TAD : Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni (1986–2000), Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
Renz, J.; Röllig, W. (1995). Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-12297-4 .
Jongeling, K. (2008). Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions . Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149303-4 .
Sass, Benjamin; Finkelstein, Israel (2013). "The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel . 2 (2): 149. doi :10.1628/219222713X13757034787838 .
The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually).
Name
Image
Discovered
Date
Location found
Current Location
Concordance
KAI
CIS / RÉS
NE
KI
NSI
TSSI
Ref.
Ahiram Sarcophagus
1923
c.1000 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
1
III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito
1923
c.1000 BCE
Byblos
in situ
2
III 5
Byblos bronze spatulas
1926–1932
1000–900 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
3
III 1
Byblos clay cone inscriptions
1950
1100–1000 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
III 2,3
Yehimilk inscription
1930
c.960/950 BCE
Byblos
Byblos Castle
4
III 6
Abiba’l inscription
1895
c.940/930 BCE
Byblos
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
5
R 505
III 7
Osorkon Bust
1881
c.920 BC
Byblos
Louvre
6
III 8
Safatba'al inscription
1936
c.900 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
7
III 9
Abda sherd
1926–1932
c.900 BCE
Byblos
8
III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription
1926–1932
c.500/475 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
9
Yehawmilk Stele
1869
c.450/425 BCE
Byblos
Louvre
10
I 1
416
5
3
III 25
Batnoam sarcophagus
1926–1932
c.450–425 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
11
III 26
Byblos altar inscription
1923
200–100 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
12
Byblos marble inscription
1957
500 BCE
Byblos
National Museum of Beirut
280
Tabnit sarcophagus
1887
500 BC
Sidon
Museum of the Ancient Orient
13
R 1202
417,1
6
4
III 27
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II
1855
c. 525 BC
Sidon
Louvre
14
I 3, R 1506
417,2
7
5
III 28
Bodashtart inscriptions
1858, 1900-2
300s BC
Sidon
Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient
15–16
I 4, R 766, 767
8–10
6, Appendix I
Abdmiskar cippus
1890
300 BCE
Sidon
Louvre
282
R 930
418,3
11
7
Eshmun inscription
1901
Sidon
Museum of the Ancient Orient
R 297
KAI 283
Sidon
283
Tyre Cistern inscription
1885
Tyre
Louvre
418,c
8
Throne of Astarte
1907
Tyre
Louvre and National Museum of Beirut
17
R 800
III 30
Abdbaal the centurion inscription
near Tyre
Louvre
KAI 284
Tyre
284
Baalshamin inscription
1861
132 BC
Umm al-Amad
Louvre
18
I 7
418,d
12
9
Phoenician sun dial
1860–1945
Umm al-Amad
National Museum of Beirut
I 9
Umm al-Amad votive inscription
1861
Umm al-Amad, Lebanon
Louvre
I 8
419,2
13
Phoenician Adoration steles
1900
Umm al-Amad, Lebanon
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek , Louvre
R 250, R 307
14–15
Phoenician Sphinx inscription
1962
Umm al-Amad
National Museum of Beirut
III 32
El -Osiris inscription
Umm al-Amad
Louvre
R 504
Masub inscription
1885
222 BC
Masub
Louvre
19
R 1205
419e
16
10
III 31
Arwad bilingual
1916
Arwad
Louvre
Tortosa bomos inscription
Tortosa, Syria
Louvre
R 56
Phoenician arrowheads
1926 onwards
11th century BCE
various
various
20–22
III p. 6
Hasanbeyli inscription
1894
Hasanbeyli
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
23
Kilamuwa Stela
1893
c. 850/825 BCE
Sam'al
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
24
III 13
Kilamuwa scepter
1943
Sam'al
25
III 14
Karatepe bilingual
1946
c. 750 BCE
Karatepe
Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum
26
III 15
İvriz inscription
1986
75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief
unpublished
Arslan Tash amulets
1933
Arslan Tash
National Museum of Aleppo
27
III 23–24
Carchemish Phoenician inscription
1950
Carchemish
British Museum
28
Ur Box inscription
1927
Ur
British Museum
29
III 20
Honeyman inscription
1939
900 BCE
Cyprus
Cyprus Museum
30
III 12
Baal Lebanon inscription
1877
700s BC
Cyprus
Cabinet des Médailles
31
I 5
419
17
11
III 17
Phoenician metal bowls
1849 onwards
700s BC
Nimrud , Cyprus , Italy and others
various
I 164, II 46–49
III 19
Kition Resheph pillars
1860
341 BC
Cyprus
Louvre
32
I 10, 88
420,1
18, 30
12, 23
Pococke Kition inscriptions
1738
300s BC
Cyprus
Ashmolean Museum
33, 35
I 11, 46, 57–85
420,4
19, 23, 27, 28
13, 16, 18, 19
III 35
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
1894
300s BC
Cyprus
British Museum , Cyprus Museum , Ashmolean Museum
34
R 1206
420,3
22
21-22
Pierides Kition inscriptions
1881
Cyprus
Louvre
12, 13, 14, 50–53
20, 25–26
14
Eshmun obelisk
1881
Cyprus
British Museum
I 44
420,2
21
15
Kellia inscription
1844
Cyprus
36
I 47
420,5
24
17
Kition Tariffs
1879
300s BC
Cyprus
British Museum
37
I 86A–B, 87
29
20
III 33
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions
1869
391–254 BC
Cyprus
British Museum
38–40
I 89–94
421,1–3
31–33
24–27
III 34
Tamassos bilinguals
1885
363 BC
Cyprus
British Museum
41
R 1212–1213
421c
34
30
Anat Athena bilingual
1850
312 BCE
Cyprus
in situ
42
I 95, R 1515
422,1
35
28
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription
1893
275 BCE
Cyprus
Louvre
43
R 1211
422,2
36
29
III 36
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions
1914–68
300–200 BCE
Rhodes
Archaeological Museum of Rhodes
44–45
III 39
Nora Stone
1773
Sardinia
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari
46
I 144
427c
60
41
III 11
Cippi of Melqart
1694
100s BC
Malta
Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta
47
I 122
425f
53
36
Banobal stele
1900
Memphis
Egyptian Museum
48
R 1, 235
37
Abydos graffiti
1868
Abydos
in situ
49
I 99–110, R 1302ff.
423a
38-42
31
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti
1842
Abu Simbel
in situ
I 111-113
423b
43
Phoenician papyrus letters
1937–1940
Cairo and Saqqara
Egyptian Museum
50–51
Phoenician Harpocrates statues
1770, 1963
unknown
National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum
52
R 1507
424
44
III 37, 38
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions
1795 etc.
Athens , Piraeus
British Museum , Louvre , National Archaeological Museum, Athens , Archaeological Museum of Piraeus
53–60
I 115–120, R 388, 1215
424,1–3, 425,1–5
45–52
32–35
III 40–41
Mdina steles
1816
Malta
National Museum of Archaeology, Malta
61
I 123A–B
426,2
54
37
III 21,22
Benhisa inscription
1761
Malta
Cabinet des Médailles
I 124
426,3
55
Gozo stele
1855
Malta
Gozo Museum of Archaeology
62
I 132
426,4
56
38
Lilybaeum stele
1882
Sicily
Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas
63
I 138
57
Bashamem inscription
1877
200 BC
Sardinia
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari
64
I 139
427a
58
39
Giardino Birocchi inscription
1912
Sardinia
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari
65
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription
1861
Sardinia
Turin Archaeology Museum
66
I 143
427b
59
40
Tharros Punic inscriptions
1870
Sardinia
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari , Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna
67
I 158
62
Olbia pedestal
1911
Sardinia
68
R 1216
Marseille Tariff
1845
300s BC
Marseille
Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne
69
I 165
428
63
42
Avignon Punic inscription
1897
Avignon
Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne
70
R 360
64
III 18
Douïmès medallion
1894
700 BCE
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
73
I 6057, R 5
429,1
70
Carthage Tariff
1858
300 BC
Carthage
British Museum
74
I 167
429b
66
43
1920
Carthage
75
I 3916
Carthage Festival Offering inscription
1872
300 BC
Carthage
Turin Archaeology Museum
76
I 166
430,3
67
44
1906
Carthage
77
I 3921
Mitsri genealogy inscription
1922
300s BCE
Carthage
78
I 3778
KNMY's child sacrifice(?) inscription
1922
Carthage
79
I 3785
1871
Carthage
British Museum
80
I 175
430,4
68
46
1898
200 BC
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
81
I 3914
69
45
Persephone Punic stele
1881
Carthage
Turin Archaeology Museum
82
I 176
71
1873
Carthage
83
I 177
430,6
72
47
Son of Baalshillek marble base
1858
Carthage
British Museum
84
I 178
430,7
73
Carthaginian tombstones
Carthage
Carthage National Museum , others
85
various
74
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles
1874–75
Carthage
Bibliothèque nationale de France , Louvre
86–88
I 264, 221, 1885
76, 80, 83
Punic Tabella Defixionis
1899
200 BC
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
89
I 6068, R 18, 1590
85
50
1904
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
90
I 5953, R 537
87
1899
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
91
I 5991, R 1227
88
Sibbolet funeral inscription
1902
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
92
I 5948, R 768
89
1905
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
93
I 5950, R 553
90
1907
Carthage
94
I 2992
1906
Carthage
95
R 786, 1854
1901
Carthage
96
I 5988, R 183, 1600
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions
1867, 1946
Sousse
Sousse Archaeological Museum , the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme
97–99
432,1–3
91–92
Punic-Libyan bilinguals
1631
Dougga
British Museum
100–101
433,c
93
52
Cirta steles
1857–61, 1875, 1950
300-100BCE
Constantine
Musée national Cirta
102–116, 162–164
R 327, 334, 339, 1544
433,1–9 and 434,10–12
94–99
51
El Amrouni mausoleum
1894
Remada
117
435b
101
Bourgade inscriptions
1852
Carthage and wider Tunisia
133–135
436,3–12
Thinissut sanctuary inscription
1908
Bir Bouregba
Nabeul Museum
137
R 942, 1858
1900
Bou Arada
140
R 679
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions
1890s
Maktar and Mididi
145–158
R 161–181, 2221
436,11
59a-c
Wilmanns Neopunic inscriptions
1873-74
Tunisia
Louvre and Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
139, 142, 159
435,2, 437a
53, 55
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions
1875, 1882
Cherchell
Louvre
161
439,2
56–57
Ain Nechma inscriptions
1843
Guelma
Louvre
166–169
437
58
Sant'Antioco bilingual
1881
Sardinia
Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca
172
I 149
434,1
100
Mesha Stele
1868
Dhiban
Louvre
181
415
1
1
I 16
Gezer calendar
1908
Gezer
Museum of the Ancient Orient
182
R 1201
I 1
Samaria Ostraca
1910
Sebastia
Museum of the Ancient Orient
183–188
I 2–3
Nimrud ivory inscriptions
1845, 1961
Nimrud
British Museum
I 6
Siloam inscription
1880
Jerusalem
Museum of the Ancient Orient
189
3
2
I 7
Ophel ostracon
1924
Jerusalem
Rockefeller Museum
190
I 9
Royal Steward inscription
1870
Jerusalem
British Museum
191
I 8
Lachish letters
1935
Tel Lachish
British Museum and Israel Museum
192–199
I 12
Yavne-Yam ostracon
1960
Mesad Hashavyahu
Israel Museum
200
I 10
Tel Qasile ostraca
1945–1946
Tel Qasile
Israel Museum
I 4
Hazor inscriptions
1956
800s BC
Tel Hazor
I 5
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus
1952
600s BC
Wadi Murabba'at
I 11
Arad ostraca
1960s
c.600 BC
Tel Arad
Bible Lands Museum
I 13, II 31
Al Jib jar handles
1956–1959
700s BC
Al Jib
Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum
I 14
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti
1961
400s BC
Khirbet Beit Lei
Israel Museum
I 15
Melqart stele
1939
Bureij
National Museum of Aleppo
201
II 1
Stele of Zakkur
1903
Tell Afis
Louvre
202
II 5
Hama graffiti
1931–38
Hama
203–213
II 6 I–V
Hadad Statue
1890
700s BC
Sam'al
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
214
440-2
61
II 13
Panamuwa II inscription
1888
730s BC
Sam'al
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
215
442
62
II 14
Bar-Rakib inscriptions
1891
730s BC
Sam'al
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient
216–221
443, 444
63
II 15–17
Sefire steles
1930–1956
As-Safira
National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut
222–224, 227
II 8–9, 22
Neirab steles
1891
600s BC
Al-Nayrab
Louvre
225–226
445
64–65
II 18–19
Tayma stones
1878–1884
300s–400s BC
Tayma
Louvre
228–230
II 113–115
447,1–3
69–70
II 30
Tell Halaf inscription
1933
Tell Halaf
destroyed
231
II 10
Arslan Tash ivory inscription
1931
Arslan Tash
Louvre
232
II 2
Assur ostracon and tablets
1903–1913
Assur
Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
233-6
II 20
Kesecek Köyü inscription
1915
Kesecek Köyü
Peabody Museum of Natural History
258
II 33
Gözne Boundary Stone
1907
Gözne
259
II 34
Sardis bilingual inscription
1912
394 BC
Sardis
İzmir Archaeological Museum
260
Sarıaydın inscription
1892
400 BC
Sarıaydın
in situ
261
446a
68
II 35
Limyra bilingual
1840
Limyra
262
II 109
446b
Assyrian lion weights
1845–1860
800–500 BC
Nimrud , Abydos (Hellespont)
British Museum , Louvre
263
II 1–14, 108
446c
66-67
Farasa bilingual inscription
1900
In situ
265
Adon Papyrus
1942
Saqqara
Egyptian Museum
266
II 21
Saqqara Aramaic Stele
1877
482 BC
Saqqara
destroyed
267
II 122
448a1
71
II 23
Serapeum Offering Table
1855
400 BC
Saqqara
Louvre
268
II 123
448a2
72
Carpentras Stela
1704
Carpentras
Bibliothèque Inguimbertine
269
II 141
448b1
75
II 24
Elephantine papyri and ostraca
1815–1945
300s BC
Elephantine
various
270–271
II 137–139, 154–155
73–74
II 26, 28
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri
1936
400s BC
Hermopolis
Cairo University Archaeological Museum
II 27
Abydos Aramaic papyrus
1964
400s BC
unknown
National Archaeological Museum of Madrid
II 29
Blacas papyri
1825
Saqqara
British Library
II 145
76
Turin Aramaic Papyrus
1823–24
Museo Egizio
II 144
Ankh-Hapy stele
1860
525–404 BCE
unknown
Vatican Museums
272
II 142
448b2
II 7
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1915
Taxila
Taxila Museum
273
Stele of Serapeitis
1940
Armazi
Georgian National Museum
276
Pyrgi Tablets
1964
Pyrgi
National Etruscan Museum
277
III 42
Bahadırlı
278
II 36
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1958
Chil Zena
National Museum of Afghanistan
279
Baalshillem Temple Boy
1963–1964
Sidon
National Museum of Beirut
281
III 29
Sarepta Tanit Inscription
Sarafand
285
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription
1996
Tel Miqne
Israel Museum
286
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription
1980
Çebel Ires Daǧı
Alanya Archaeological Museum
287
Kition KAI 288–290
Kition
288–290
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos )
1,000s BCE
Crete
Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346 )
291
Hellenistic Greek-Phoenician bilingual
Kos
292
Demetrias inscription
Demetrias
293
Seville statue of Astarte
1960–1962
700 BCE
Seville
Archeological Museum of Seville
294
III 16
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions
Sicily
295
Mozia Punic inscriptions
Sicily
296–298
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions
Sardinia
299–301
Agrigentum inscription
1934
406 BCE
Carthage
302
I 5510
Carthage Administration Inscription
1964
Carthage
Carthage National Museum
303
El-Kerak Inscription
1958
Al-Karak
Jordan Archaeological Museum
306
I 17
Amman Citadel Inscription
1961
Amman
Jordan Archaeological Museum
307
Tel Siran inscription
1972
Amman
Jordan Archaeological Museum
308
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription
1979
Tell Fekheriye
National Museum of Damascus
309
Tel Dan Stele
1993
Tel Dan
Israel Museum
310
Deir Alla Inscription
1967
Deir Alla
Jordan Archaeological Museum
312
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions
313–314
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription
1996
315
KAI 316
316
Aramaic Fugitive Decree
1971
Unknown
317
Daskyleion steles
1965
Dascylium
Museum of the Ancient Orient
318
II 37
Letoon trilingual
1973
Xanthos
Fethiye Museum
319
Bukan inscription
1985
Bukan
320
Çineköy inscription
1997
Çine, Yüreğir
Adana Archaeology Museum
Kuttamuwa stele
2008
Sam'al
Gaziantep Archaeology Museum
Nebi Yunis ostraca
1960s
Nebi Yunis (Ashdod )
II 32
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls
1950s
Tel el Maskhuta
II 25
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions
1964
Luristan
II 11–12
Tel Dan bowl
1960s
Tel Dan
II 4
Ein Gev jar
1961
Ein Gev
II 3
Ataruz altar inscriptions
2010
c. 800 BCE
Khirbat Ataruz
Ishbaal Inscription
2012
1020–980 BCE
Khirbet Qeiyafa
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon
2009
c. 1000 BCE
Khirbet Qeiyafa
Israel Museum
Hashub Inscription
1957
400s BCE
Tel Zeton
Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities
Cadiz Phoenician inscription
1961
Instituto Valencia of Don Juan
71
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions
1923
Archaeological Museum of Alicante
72
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions
1806
Leptis Magna , Breviglieri, other
118–132
R 662
434, B-a
Bithia inscription
1933
Sardinia
173
Sirte inscription
1928
Sirte
180
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions
1951
Hatra
237–257
Arebsun inscription
1895
Afşin
Museum of the Ancient Orient
264
Lake Sivan inscriptions
1906
Armenia
274–275
KAI 136 (Neopunic)
1955
Tunisia
136
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription
1914
Tunisia
138
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription
1940
Tunisia
141
Henchir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions
1882
Tunisia
143–144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions
1884
Algeria
165
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions
1952
Algeria
170
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions
1916
Algeria
171
Hazael horse frontlet
1984
800 BCE
Samos
Archaeological Museum of Vathi
311
Bactria Aramaic documents
1993–2002
353–324 BCE
Bactria
Khalili Collections
Bibliography
See also
Authority control databases: National