Cardinals created by John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) with Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)

Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.

In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975. and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996. His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135, a record figure never surpassed by his predecessors or successors.

He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962. His appointments included one future pope, Pope Francis.

30 June 1979

John Paul created fourteen cardinals at his first consistory and he announced he was withholding the name of a fifteenth. That additional cardinal's name was not made public until 1991. All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. These appointments, excluding the name withheld, brought the number of cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday to 120, the maximum set by Pope Paul VI, while the entire membership of the College of Cardinals reached 135.

Name Country
Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998)  Italy
Giuseppe Caprio (1914–2005)  Italy
Marco Cé (1925–2014)  Italy
Egano Righi-Lambertini (1906–2000)  Italy
Joseph-Marie Trịnh Văn Căn (1921–1990)  Vietnam
Ernesto Civardi (1906–1989)  Italy
Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada (1919–2008)  Mexico
Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (1904–1996)  Japan
Roger Etchegaray (1922–2019)  France
Anastasio Ballestrero (1913–1998)  Italy
Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990)  Ireland
Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003)  Canada
Franciszek Macharski (1927–2016)  Poland
Władysław Rubin (1917–1990)  Poland

Cardinal "in pectore"

Name Country Revealed as Cardinal
Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (1901–2000)  China 29 May 1991

2 February 1983

Józef Glemp (1929–2013), made a cardinal on 2 February 1983.

John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia) and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the College to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly. John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.

Name Country
Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994)  Lebanon
Bernard Yago (1916–1997)  Ivory Coast
Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003)  Italy
Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002)  Croatia
Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001)  Italy
José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001)  Venezuela
Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996)  United States
Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929)  Thailand
Alexandre do Nascimento (b. 1925)  Angola
Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)  Colombia
Godfried Danneels (1933–2019)  Belgium
Thomas Williams (b. 1930)  New Zealand
Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012)  Italy
Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007)  France
Józef Glemp (1929–2013)  Poland
Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990)  Latvia
Joachim Meisner (1933–2017)  Germany
Henri de Lubac (1896–1991)  France

25 May 1985

Francis Arinze (born 1932), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985
Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985

John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the College's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.

Name Country
Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990)  Italy
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014)  India
Francis Arinze (b. 1932)  Nigeria
Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004)  Chile
Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008)  Italy
Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018)  Nicaragua
Paul Mayer (1911–2010)  Germany
Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006)  Spain
Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996)  Belgium
Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017)  Philippines
Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020)  Poland
Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003)  Ethiopia
Jozef Tomko (b. 1924)  Slovakia
Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000)  Ukraine
Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011)  Poland
Paul Poupard (b. 1930)  France
Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006)  Canada
Albert Decourtray (1923–1994)  France
Rosalio Lara (1922–2007)  Venezuela
Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928)  Germany
Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016)  Italy
Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020)  Netherlands
Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007)  Canada
Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007)  Austria
Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017)  United States
John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000)  United States
Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015)  Italy
Pietro Pavan (1903–1994)  Italy

28 June 1988

José Freire Falcão (1925-2021), made a cardinal on 28 June 1988.

On 29 May 1988 John Paul announced he would create 25 new cardinals in 28 June, though the death of Hans Urs von Balthasar of Switzerland reduced that number to 24. This consistory took the number of cardinal electors from 97 to 121, which fell within a month to the maximum of 120, a majority of them appointed by John Paul. It brought the total number of cardinals to a new high of 160, of whom John Paul named 84.

Name Country
Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1927–2021)  Spain
Achille Silvestrini (1923–2019)  Italy
Angelo Felici (1919–2007)  Italy
Paul Grégoire (1911–1993)  Canada
Antony Padiyara (1921–2000)  India
José Freire Falcão (1925–2021)  Brazil
Michele Giordano (1930–2010)  Italy
Alexandre José Maria dos Santos (1924–2021)  Mozambique
Giovanni Canestri (1918–2015)  Italy
Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1921–2007)  Spain
Simon Pimenta (1920–2013)  India
Mario Revollo Bravo (1919–1995)  Colombia
Edward Bede Clancy (1923–2014)  Australia
Lucas Moreira Neves (1925–2002)  Brazil
James Aloysius Hickey (1920–2004)  United States
Edmund Szoka (1927–2014)  United States
László Paskai (1927–2015)  Hungary
Christian Tumi (1930–2021)  Cameroon
Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003)  Austria
Jacques-Paul Martin (1908–1992)  France
Franz Hengsbach (1910–1991)  Germany
Vincentas Sladkevičius (1920–2000)  Lithuania
Jean Margéot (1916–2009)  Mauritius
John Wu (1925–2002)  Hong Kong

28 June 1991

Angelo Sodano (1927–2022), made a cardinal on 28 June 1991.

On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. This increased the number of cardinal electors to 120 from 100. It also raised to 13 the number cardinals from the Soviet Union and nations of the recently dissolved Warsaw Pact. The total number of cardinals reached 162 after the consistory.

Name Country
Angelo Sodano (1927–2022)  Italy
Alexandru Todea (1912–2002)  Romania
Pio Laghi (1922–2009)  Italy
Edward Cassidy (1924–2021)  Australia
Robert-Joseph Coffy (1920–1995)  France
Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi (1930–2007)  Congo-Kinshasa
Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez (b. 1936)  Dominican Republic
Jose Tomas Sanchez (1920–2012)  Philippines
Virgilio Noè (1922–2011)  Italy
Antonio Quarracino (1923–1998)  Argentina
Fiorenzo Angelini (1916–2014)  Italy
Roger Mahony (b. 1936)  United States
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1926–1993)  Mexico
Anthony Bevilacqua (1923–2012)  United States
Giovanni Saldarini (1924–2011)  Italy
Cahal Daly (1917–2009)  Ireland
Camillo Ruini (b. 1931)  Italy
Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924–2015)  Slovakia
Henri Schwery (1932–2021)   Switzerland
Georg Sterzinsky (1936–2011)  Germany
Guido del Mestri (1911–1993)  Italy
Paolo Dezza (1901–1999)  Italy

26 November 1994

On 30 October 1994, John Paul announced the names of 30 new cardinals from 24 countries, scheduling the consistory for 26 November. He said others were deserving but he "thought it appropriate to adhere to the limit set by my Predecessor Paul VI". The total number of cardinals reached 167 after the consistory.

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994
Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994
Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994
Name Country
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019)  Lebanon
Miloslav Vlk (1932–2017)  Czech Republic
Luigi Poggi (1917–2010)  Italy
Peter Shirayanagi (1928–2009)  Japan
Vincenzo Fagiolo (1918–2000)  Italy
Carlo Furno (1921–2015)  Italy
Carlos Oviedo Cavada (1927–1998)  Chile
Thomas Winning (1925–2001)  Scotland
Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1927–2008)  Mexico
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (1936–2019)  Cuba
Julius Darmaatmadja (b. 1934)  Indonesia
Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005)  Belgium
Pierre Eyt (1934–2001)  France
Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017)   Switzerland
Emmanuel Wamala (b. 1926)  Uganda
William Henry Keeler (1931–2017)  United States
Augusto Vargas Alzamora (1922–2000)  Peru
Jean-Claude Turcotte (1936–2015)  Canada
Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013)  Spain
Adam Maida (b. 1930)  United States
Vinko Puljić (b. 1945)  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Armand Razafindratandra (1925–2010)  Madagascar
Phạm Đình Tụng (1919–2009)  Vietnam
Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (b. 1933)  Mexico
Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz (1912–2000)  Ecuador
Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011)  Belarus
Ersilio Tonini (1914–2013)  Italy
Mikel Koliqi (1900–1997)  Albania
Yves Congar (1905–1995)  France
Aloys Grillmeier (1910–1998)  Germany

21 February 1998

Dionigi Tettamanzi (1927–2017), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998.
Christoph Schönborn (born 1945), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998.

John Paul announced on 18 January 1998 that he would create 22 new cardinals, but withheld the names of two of them. He had also planned to include Josip Uhač, a Vatican diplomat and curial official who died that morning. The consistory was scheduled for 21 February. Excluding the two not named, this brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 165, of whom 122 were eligible to vote in a conclave.

Name Country
Jorge Medina Estévez (1926–2021)  Chile
Alberto Bovone (1922–1998)  Italy
Darío Castrillón Hoyos (1929–2018)  Colombia
Lorenzo Antonetti (1922–2013)  Italy
James Stafford (b. 1932)  United States
Salvatore De Giorgi (b. 1930)  Italy
Serafim Fernandes de Araújo (1924–2019)  Brazil
Antonio María Rouco Varela (b. 1936)  Spain
Aloysius Ambrozic (1930–2011)  Canada
Jean Marie Balland (1934–1998)  France
Dionigi Tettamanzi (1934–2017)  Italy
Polycarp Pengo (b. 1944)  Tanzania
Christoph Schönborn (b. 1945)  Austria
Norberto Rivera Carrera (b. 1942)  Mexico
Francis George (1937–2015)  United States
Paul Shan Kuo-Hsi (1924–2012)  Taiwan
Adam Kozłowiecki (1911–2007)  Poland
Giovanni Cheli (1918–2013)  Italy
Francesco Colasuonno (1925–2003)  Italy
Dino Monduzzi (1922–2006)  Italy

Cardinal created "in pectore"

Name Country Revealed as Cardinal
Marian Jaworski (1926–2020)  Ukraine 29 January 2001
Jānis Pujats (b. 1930)  Latvia

21 February 2001

Jorge Mario Bergoglio (born 1936), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001, elected Pope on 13 March 2013

On 21 January 2001, Pope John Paul II announced plans to raise 37 prelates to the rank on cardinal at a consistory in February. He also said that at the consistory he would announce the names of two cardinals he named in pectore in 1998. He followed that by announcing the names of five more on 28 January and revealed the two made cardinals secretly in 1998, Marian Jaworski and Janis Pujats. The 44 cardinals created at this consistory was the largest ever created at a consistory. It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit. The total number of cardinals reached 183 after the consistory.

Cardinals Walter Kasper (born 1933) and Godfried Danneels (1933–2019)
Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (born 1942), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001
Name Country
Giovanni Battista Re (b. 1934)  Italy
Nguyen Van Thuan (1928–2002)  Vietnam
Agostino Cacciavillan (1926–2022)  Italy
Sergio Sebastiani (b. 1931)  Italy
Zenon Grocholewski (1939–2020)  Poland
José Saraiva Martins (b. 1932)  Portugal
Crescenzio Sepe (b. 1943)  Italy
Jorge María Mejía (1923–2014)  Argentina
Ignatius Moses I Daoud (1930–2012)  Syria
Mario Francesco Pompedda (1929–2006)  Italy
Walter Kasper (b. 1933)  Germany
Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (1926–2002)  Germany
Antonio José González Zumárraga (1925–2008)  Ecuador
Ivan Dias (1936–2017)  India
Geraldo Majella Agnelo (b. 1933)  Brazil
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (b. 1932)  Colombia
Theodore Edgar McCarrick (b. 1930)  United States
Desmond Connell (1926–2017)  Ireland
Audrys Bačkis (b. 1937)  Lithuania
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (b. 1933)  Chile
Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936–2015)  Bolivia
Wilfrid Napier (b. 1941)  South Africa
Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (b. 1942)  Honduras
Bernard Agré (1926–2014)  Ivory Coast
Louis-Marie Billé (1938–2002)  France
Ignacio Velasco (1929–2003)  Venezuela
Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (b. 1943)  Peru
Francisco Álvarez Martínez (1925–2022)  Spain
Cláudio Hummes (1934–2022)  Brazil
Varkey Vithayathil (1927–2011)  India
Jorge Mario Bergoglio (b. 1936)  Argentina
José Policarpo (1936–2014)  Portugal
Severino Poletto (b. 1933)  Italy
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (1932–2017)  England
Edward Egan (1932–2015)  United States
Lubomyr Husar (1933–2017)  Ukraine
Karl Lehmann (1936–2018)  Germany
Stéphanos II Ghattas (1920–2009)  Egypt
Jean Marcel Honoré (1920–2013)  France
Roberto Tucci (1921–2015)  Italy
Leo Scheffczyk (1920–2005)  Germany
Avery Dulles (1918–2008)  United States

21 October 2003

Attilio Nicora (1937–2017), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003
Josip Bozanić (born 1949), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003

Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution. Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia. This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135. The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory. Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.

Name Country
Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018)  France
Renato Martino (b. 1932)  Italy
Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014)  Italy
Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930)  Spain
Javier Lozano Barragán (1933–2022)  Mexico
Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007)  Japan
Attilio Nicora (1937–2017)  Italy
Angelo Scola (b. 1941)  Italy
Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936)  Nigeria
Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017)  France
Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941)  Sudan
Carlos Amigo Vallejo (1934–2022)  Spain
Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935)  United States
Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018)  Scotland
Eusébio Scheid (1932–2021)  Brazil
Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936)  Italy
Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934)  Italy
Peter Turkson (b. 1948)  Ghana
Telesphore Toppo (b. 1939)  India
George Pell (b. 1941)  Australia
Josip Bozanić (b. 1949)  Croatia
Phạm Minh Mẫn (b. 1934)  Vietnam
Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012)  Guatemala
Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950)  France
Péter Erdő (b. 1952)  Hungary
Marc Ouellet (b. 1944)  Canada
Georges Cottier (1922–2016)   Switzerland
Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004)  Belgium
Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010)  Czech Republic
Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013)  Poland

Demographic adjustment

In 2004, the birth year of Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, long reported as 1928, was corrected to 1923. The adjustment meant he was past his 80th birthday and no longer counted as a cardinal elector. In 1942, as a young man, Gulbinowicz had falsified his birth records to escape being sent to a Nazi labor camp. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004 and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005.

See also


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