China women's national football team

China
Shirt badge/Association crest
Nickname(s)铿锵玫瑰 Kēngqiāng Méiguī
(Steel Roses)
AssociationChinese Football Association
ConfederationAFC (Asia)
Sub-confederationEAFF (East Asia)
Head coachShui Qingxia
CaptainWu Haiyan
Most capsPu Wei (219)
Top scorerSun Wen (106)
FIFA codeCHN
First colours
Second colours
FIFA ranking
Current 19 Decrease 4 (15 December 2023)
Highest4 (July – August 2003)
Lowest19 (August 2012; December 2021; December 2023)
First international
 United States 2–1 China 
(Jesolo, Italy; 20 July 1986)
Biggest win
 China 21–0 Philippines 
(Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; 24 September 1995)
Biggest defeat
 Germany 8–0 China 
(Patras, Greece; 11 August 2004)
World Cup
Appearances8 (first in 1991)
Best resultRunners-up (1999)
Asian Cup
Appearances13 (first in 1986)
Best resultWinners (1986, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2006, 2022)

The China women's national football team (Chinese: 中国国家女子足球队; pinyin: Zhōngguó Guójiā Nǚzǐ Zúqiú Duì, recognized as China PR by FIFA) represents the People's Republic of China in international women's football competitions and is governed by the Chinese Football Association.

China women's team won silver medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. It also has won 9 titles at Asian Cup and 3 Gold medals at Asian Games.

Nicknamed the Steel Roses (Chinese: 铿锵玫瑰), they won several international titles in the 1990s, during the Golden Generation. The team lost some pace after the start of the 21st century, winning their last AFC Asian Cup in 2006. In 2023, the team was ranked as the 15th best in the world, and also won the ninth AFC Asian Cup in their story, the first since 2006.

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Legend

 Win  Draw  Lose  Void or postponed  Fixture

2023

16 February Friendly Sweden  4–1  China Marbella, Spain
18:30 UTC+1
Stadium: Marbella Football Center
Referee: Olatz Rivera Olmedo (Spain)
22 February Friendly Republic of Ireland  0–0  China Algeciras, Spain
14:00 UTC+1 Stadium: Estadio Nuevo Mirador
Referee: Jason Barcelo (Gibraltar)
6 April Friendly Switzerland  0–0  China Lucerne, Switzerland
17:30 UTC+2 Report Stadium: Swissporarena
Referee: Katalin Kulcsár (Hungary)
11 April Friendly Spain  3–0  China Ibiza, Spain
--:-- UTC+2 Stadium: Estadi Municipal de Can Misses
1 July Unofficial friendly China  1–0  Russia Qingdao, China
16:00 UTC+8 Stadium: Conson Stadium
Attendance: 0
4 July Unofficial friendly China  2–1  Russia Qingdao, China
16:00 UTC+8 Stadium: Conson Stadium
Attendance: 0
13 July Unofficial friendly China  0–3  Brazil Gold Coast, Australia
12:00 UTC+10 Attendance: 0
17 July Friendly China  2–2  Colombia Sydney, Australia
--:-- UTC+10 Report Attendance: 0
22 July FIFA Women's World Cup Denmark  1–0  China Perth, Australia
20:00 UTC+8 Report (FIFA) Stadium: Perth Rectangular Stadium
Attendance: 16,989
Referee: Marie-Soleil Beaudoin (Canada)
28 July FIFA Women's World Cup China  1–0  Haiti Adelaide, Australia
20:30 UTC+9:30 Report (FIFA) Stadium: Hindmarsh Stadium
Attendance: 12,675
Referee: Marta Huerta de Aza (Spain)
1 August FIFA Women's World Cup China  1–6  England Adelaide, Australia
20:30 UTC+9:30 Report (FIFA)
Stadium: Hindmarsh Stadium
Attendance: 13,497
Referee: Casey Reibelt (Australia)
22 September Asian Games China  16–0  Mongolia Hangzhou, China
19:30 UTC+8 Stadium: Linping Sports Center Stadium
28 September Asian Games China  6–0  Uzbekistan Hangzhou, China
19:30 UTC+8 Stadium: Linping Sports Center Stadium
30 September Asian Games QF China  4–0  Thailand Hangzhou, China
20:00 UTC+8 Stadium: Linping Sports Center Stadium
3 October Asian Games SF China  3–4  Japan Hangzhou, China
20:00 UTC+8 Stadium: Linping Sports Center Stadium
2 December Friendly United States  3–0  China Fort Lauderdale, United States
15:00 UTC−5
Report Stadium: DRV PNK Stadium
Attendance: 8,768
Referee: Marie-Soleil Beaudoin (Canada)
5 December Friendly United States  2–1  China Frisco, United States
20:00 UTC−6
Stadium: Toyota Stadium

Coaching staff

Current coaching staff

As of 18 November 2021
Position Name
Team Manager China Chen Yingbiao
China Zheng Chaoyong
Head coach China Shui Qingxia
Assistant coach China Liu Lin
China Cheng Xiaoyu
China Liu Jianjiang
China Zhang Jun
Video Analyst China Liu Bin
China Cheng Liang
China Ji Xinyi
Physiotherapist China Mu Yunrui
China Chang lele
China Zhang Baoju
China Yang Shuai
Doctor China Yi Qing
Kit-Manager China Hou Shisheng
Nutrition China Mai RuiChao

Manager history

Players

Current squad

  • The following players were called up for the Friendly matches against USA on 2 and 5 December 2023, respectively.


Caps and goals are correct as of 28 July 2023, after the match against Haiti.

No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club
1GK Gan Jingwan
12 1GK Xu Huan (1999-03-06) 6 March 1999 (age 24) 5 0 China Jiangsu
22 1GK Pan Hongyan (2004-12-30) 30 December 2004 (age 19) 0 0 China Beijing

2 2DF Li Mengwen (1995-03-28) 28 March 1995 (age 28) 19 0 England Brighton & Hove Albion
8 2DF Yao Wei (1997-09-01) 1 September 1997 (age 26) 33 3 China Wuhan Jianghan University
4 2DF Wang Linlin (2000-08-04) 4 August 2000 (age 23) 10 1 China Shanghai Shengli
3 2DF Dou Jiaxing (2000-02-29) 29 February 2000 (age 23) 3 0 China Jiangsu
15 2DF Chen Qiaozhu (1999-09-08) 8 September 1999 (age 24) 6 0 China Meizhou Huijun

13 3MF Yang Lina (1994-04-13) 13 April 1994 (age 29) 31 2 Spain Levante Las Planas
3MF Yan Jinjin
3MF Huo Yuexin
3MF Shen Mengyu (2001-08-19) 19 August 2001 (age 22) 5 1 Scotland Celtic
3MF Wu Chengshu (1996-08-26) 26 August 1996 (age 27) 15 1 Australia Canberra United
3MF Wang Aifang

11 4FW Wang Shanshan (captain) (1990-01-27) 27 January 1990 (age 33) 154 58 China Wuhan Jianghan University
7 4FW Wang Yanwen
19 4FW Zhang Linyan (2001-01-16) 16 January 2001 (age 23) 16 2 England Tottenham Hotspur
20 4FW Wurigumula
4FW Tang Jiali (1995-03-16) 16 March 1995 (age 28) 59 12 China Shanghai Shengli
20 4FW Jin Kun
20 4FW Li Tingyingge

Recent call-ups

The following players have also been called up to the squad in the last 12 months.

Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up
GK Zhu Yu (1997-07-23) 23 July 1997 (age 26) 11 0 China Shanghai Shengli v.  South Korea, 1 November 2023

DF Wan Jiayao v.  North Korea, 26 October 2023INJ
DF Liu Yanqiu v.  North Korea, 26 October 2023INJ
DF Wu Haiyan (1993-02-26) 26 February 1993 (age 30) 129 3 China Wuhan Jianghan University 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
DF Gao Chen (1992-08-11) 11 August 1992 (age 31) 30 0 China Changchun Dazhong Zhuoyue 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
DF Tu Linli v.  South Korea, 1 November 2023

MF Zhuomaji v.  North Korea, 26 October 2023INJ
MF Zhang Xin (1992-05-23) 23 May 1992 (age 31) 33 3 China Shanghai Shengli Asian Games 2023
MF Zhang Rui (vice-captain) (1989-01-17) 17 January 1989 (age 35) 163 24 China Wuhan Jianghan University v.  South Korea, 1 November 2023
MF Yao Lingwei (1995-12-05) 5 December 1995 (age 28) 17 0 China Wuhan Jianghan University v.  South Korea, 1 November 2023

FW Gu Yasha (1990-11-28) 28 November 1990 (age 33) 122 13 China Wuhan Jianghan University v.  North Korea, 26 October 2023INJ
FW Shao Ziqin v.  North Korea, 26 October 2023INJ
FW Xiao Yuyi (1996-01-10) 10 January 1996 (age 28) 42 7 China Shanghai Shengli 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
FW Ou Yiyao Asian Games 2023
FW Wang Shuang (1995-01-23) 23 January 1995 (age 29) 118 39 United States Racing Louisville Asian Games 2023
FW Lou Jiahui (1991-05-26) 26 May 1991 (age 32) 113 5 China Wuhan Jianghan University v.  South Korea, 1 November 2023

Records

Competitive record

Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place  

FIFA Women's World Cup

FIFA Women's World Cup record
Year Result M W D L GF GA GD
China 1991 Quarter-finals 4 2 1 1 10 4 +6
Sweden 1995 Fourth place 6 2 2 2 11 10 +1
United States 1999 Runners-up 6 5 1 0 19 2 +17
United States 2003 Quarter-finals 4 2 1 1 3 2 +1
China 2007 4 2 0 2 5 7 −2
Germany 2011 Did not qualify
Canada 2015 Quarter-finals 5 2 1 2 4 4 0
France 2019 Round of 16 4 1 1 2 1 3 −2
AustraliaNew Zealand 2023 Group stage 3 1 0 2 2 7 -5
2027 To be determined
Total 8/9 36 17 7 12 55 39 +16
FIFA Women's World Cup history
Year Round Date Opponent Result Stadium
China 1991 Group stage 16 November  Norway W 4–0 Tianhe Stadium, Guangzhou
19 November  Denmark D 2–2 Guangdong Provincial Stadium, Guangzhou
21 November  New Zealand W 4–1 New Plaza Stadium, Foshan
Quarter-finals 24 November  Sweden L 0–1 Tianhe Stadium, Guangzhou
Sweden 1995 Group stage 6 June  United States D 3–3 Strömvallen, Gävle
8 June  Australia W 4–2 Arosvallen, Västerås
10 June  Denmark W 3–1
Quarter-finals 13 June  Sweden D 1–1 (4–3 pen) Olympia Stadion, Helsingborg
Semi-finals 15 June  Germany L 0–1
Third place play-off 17 June  United States L 0–2 Strömvallen, Gävle
United States 1999 Group stage 19 June  Sweden W 2–1 Spartan Stadium, San Jose
23 June  Ghana W 7–0 Civic Stadium, Portland
26 June  Australia W 3–1 Giants Stadium, East Rutherford
Quarter-finals 30 June  Russia W 2–0 Spartan Stadium, San Jose
Semi-finals 4 July  Norway W 5–0 Foxboro Stadium, Foxborough
Final 17 June  United States D 0–0 (4–5 pen) Rose Bowl, Pasadena
United States 2003 Group stage 21 September  Ghana W 1–0 The Home Depot Center, Carson
25 September  Australia D 1–1
28 September  Russia W 1–0 PGE Park, Portland
Quarter-finals 2 October  Canada L 0–1
China 2007 Group stage 12 September  Denmark W 3–2 Wuhan Stadium, Wuhan
15 September  Brazil L 0–4
20 September  New Zealand W 2–0 Tianjin Olympic Centre Stadium, Tianjin
Quarter-finals 23 September  Norway L 0–1 Wuhan Stadium, Wuhan
Canada 2015
Group stage 6 June  Canada L 0–1 Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton
11 June  Netherlands W 1–0
15 June  New Zealand D 2–2 Winnipeg Stadium, Winnipeg
Round of 16 20 June  Cameroon W 1–0 Commonwealth Stadium, Edmonton
Quarter-finals 23 September  United States L 0–1 Lansdowne Stadium, Ottawa
France 2019 Group stage 8 June  Germany L 0–1 Roazhon Park, Rennes
13 June  South Africa W 1–0 Parc des Princes, Paris
17 June  Spain D 0–0 Stade Océane, Le Havre
Round of 16 25 June  Italy L 0–2 Stade de la Mosson, Montpellier
AustraliaNew Zealand 2023 Group stage 22 July  Denmark L 0–1 Perth Rectangular Stadium, Perth
28 July  Haiti W 1–0 Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide
1 August  England L 1–6 Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide

Olympic Games

Summer Olympics record
Year Result M W D L GF GA GD
United States 1996 Runners-up 5 3 1 1 11 5 +6
Australia 2000 Group stage 3 1 1 1 5 4 +1
Greece 2004 2 0 1 1 1 9 −8
China 2008 Quarter-finals 4 2 1 1 5 4 +1
United Kingdom 2012 Did not qualify
Brazil 2016 Quarter-finals 4 1 1 2 2 4 −2
Japan 2020 Group stage 3 0 1 2 6 17 −11
France 2024 Did not qualify
United States 2028 To be determined
Australia 2032 To be determined
Total 6/8 21 7 6 8 30 43 −13

AFC Women's Asian Cup

AFC Women's Asian Cup record
Year Result M W D L GF GA GD
Hong Kong 1975 Did not enter
Taiwan 1977
India 1980
Hong Kong 1981
1983
Hong Kong 1986 Champions 4 4 0 0 23 0 +23
Hong Kong 1989 5 5 0 0 16 2 +14
Japan 1991 5 5 0 0 29 1 +28
Malaysia 1993 5 4 1 0 20 2 +18
Malaysia 1995 5 5 0 0 46 0 +46
China 1997 5 5 0 0 39 1 +38
Philippines 1999 6 6 0 0 47 2 +45
Chinese Taipei 2001 Third place 5 4 0 1 40 3 +37
2003 Runners-up 5 4 0 1 33 3 +30
Australia 2006 Champions 5 3 1 1 7 3 +4
Vietnam 2008 Runners-up 5 3 0 2 10 5 +5
China 2010 Fourth place 5 2 1 2 6 3 +3
Vietnam 2014 Third place 5 3 1 1 13 3 +10
Jordan 2018 5 4 0 1 19 5 +14
India 2022 Champions 5 4 1 0 19 5 +14
Total 15/19 75 61 5 9 367 38 +329

Asian Games

Asian Games record
Host Result M W D L GF GA GD
China 1990 Champions 5 5 0 0 26 0 +26
Japan 1994 4 3 1 0 10 1 +9
1998 5 5 0 0 28 0 +28
South Korea 2002 Runners-up 5 3 2 0 11 3 +8
Qatar 2006 Third place 5 3 0 2 22 4 +18
China 2010 Fourth place 5 2 1 2 11 4 +7
South Korea 2014 5th place 4 2 1 1 9 1 +8
Indonesia 2018 Runners-up 6 5 0 1 31 1 +30
China 2022 Third place 5 4 0 1 36 4 +32
Japan 2026 TBD - - - - - - -
Total 9/9 44 32 5 7 184 18 +166

Minor tournaments

EAFF E-1 Football Championship

EAFF E-1 Football Championship record
Host Result M W D L GF GA GD
South Korea 2005 Fourth place 3 0 1 2 0 3 −3
China 2008 Third place 3 1 1 1 3 5 −2
Japan 2010 Runners-up 3 2 0 1 5 3 2
South Korea 2013 Fourth place 6 4 0 2 12 5 7
China 2015 3 0 0 3 2 6 −4
Japan 2017 Third place 3 1 0 2 3 4 −1
South Korea 2019 6 4 1 1 19 3 16
Japan 2022 Runners-up 3 1 2 0 3 1 2
Total 8/8 30 13 5 12 47 30 17

Algarve Cup

Portugal Algarve Cup record
Year Result M W D L GF GA GD
1994 Did not enter
1995
1996 Third place 4 3 0 1 9 5 4
1997 Runners-up 4 3 0 1 6 1 5
1998 5th place 4 3 0 1 6 5 1
1999 Champions 4 4 0 0 10 1 9
2000 Third place 4 3 0 1 9 4 5
2001 4 3 0 1 11 3 8
2002 Champions 4 4 0 0 10 3 7
2003 Runners-up 4 2 1 1 5 3 2
2004 6th place 4 1 2 1 5 2 3
2005 7th place 4 0 1 3 1 6 −5
2006 6th place 4 1 1 2 6 2 4
2007 10th place 4 0 0 4 2 9 −7
2008 9th place 4 0 1 3 2 10 −8
2009 5th place 4 2 1 1 3 4 −1
2010 Fourth place 4 1 1 2 3 8 −5
2011 7th place 4 1 0 3 3 5 −2
2012 9th place 4 1 0 3 1 3 −2
2013 6th place 4 1 1 2 2 7 −5
2014 5th place 4 1 1 2 2 3 −1
2015 12th place 4 0 2 2 3 8 −5
2016 Did not enter
2017 10th place 4 0 1 3 2 5 −3
2018 11th place 4 1 0 3 3 7 −4
2019 12th place 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3
2020 Did not enter
2021 Cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic
2022 Did not enter
2023 Cancelled because of the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification
Total 23/28 91 35 14 42 106 109 −3

Four Nations Tournament

China Four Nations Tournament record
Host Result M W D L GF GA GD
1998 Third place 3 1 1 1 5 3 +2
2002 Fourth place 3 1 0 2 2 6 −4
2003 Runners-up 3 1 2 0 3 1 +2
2004 Runners-up 3 1 2 0 4 3 +1
2005 Champions 3 2 0 1 6 3 +3
2006 Runners-up 3 1 1 1 4 4 0
2007 Runners-up 3 1 1 1 2 2 0
2008 Runners-up 3 1 1 1 2 1 +1
2009 Champions 3 3 0 0 8 0 +8
2011 Fourth place 3 1 0 2 4 6 −2
2012 Runners-up 3 1 2 0 1 0 +1
2013 Third place 3 1 0 2 2 2 0
2014 Champions 3 3 0 0 5 1 +4
2015 Fourth place 3 0 1 2 3 5 −2
2016 Champions 3 2 1 0 10 0 +10
2017 Champions 3 3 0 0 9 0 +9
2018 Champions 3 3 0 0 8 1 +7
2019 Champions 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4
Total 18/18 53 28 12 13 82 38 +44

Yongchuan International Tournament

China Yongchuan International Tournament record
Host Result M W D L GF GA GD
2015 Champions 2 1 1 0 3 2 +1
2016 Champions 3 2 1 0 7 3 +4
2017 Third place 3 1 1 1 6 6 0
2018 Champions 3 2 1 0 4 1 +3
2019 Champions 2 1 1 0 2 0 0
Total 5/5 13 7 5 1 22 12 +10

Head-to-head record

As of 5 December 2023, after the match against  United States.
counted for the FIFA A-level matches only.
Against First Played P W D L GF GA GD Confederation
 Argentina 2007 5 3 1 1 9 1 +8 CONMEBOL
 Australia 1988 44 19 12 13 72 51 +21 AFC
 Brazil 1986 13 1 6 6 9 27 −18 CONMEBOL
 Cameroon 2015 2 2 0 0 2 0 +2 CAF
 Canada 1987 28 14 5 9 50 28 +22 CONCACAF
 Chile 2009 2 1 0 1 2 1 +1 CONMEBOL
 Chinese Taipei 1989 20 20 0 0 60 0 +60 AFC
 Colombia 2018 1 1 0 0 2 0 +2 CONMEBOL
 Costa Rica 2016 2 1 1 0 3 2 +1 CONCACAF
 Croatia 2017 2 2 0 0 4 1 +3 UEFA
 Czech Republic 2004 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 UEFA
 Denmark 1991 18 10 4 4 32 15 +17 UEFA
 England 2005 6 3 1 2 7 9 −2 UEFA
 Finland 1989 16 13 2 1 43 8 +35 UEFA
 France 1990 11 4 3 4 12 12 0 UEFA
 Germany 1991 31 8 6 17 30 56 −26 UEFA
 Ghana 1999 4 4 0 0 12 2 +10 CAF
 Guam 1999 2 2 0 0 24 0 +24 AFC
 Guatemala 2000 1 1 0 0 14 0 +14 CONCACAF
 Haiti 2023 1 1 0 0 1 0 +1 CONCACAF
 Hong Kong 1989 10 10 0 0 80 0 +80 AFC
 Hungary 2007 1 1 0 0 4 0 +4 UEFA
 Iceland 2007 8 2 1 5 8 13 −5 UEFA
 India 1998 2 2 0 0 28 0 +28 AFC
 Indonesia 1986 1 1 0 0 9 0 +9 AFC
 Iran 2022 1 1 0 0 7 0 +7 AFC
 Italy 1986 8 2 2 4 6 10 −4 UEFA
 Ivory Coast 1988 1 1 0 0 8 1 +7 CAF
 Japan 1986 41 16 8 17 55 42 +13 AFC
 Jordan 2006 4 4 0 0 35 2 +33 AFC
 Kazakhstan 1995 2 2 0 0 16 0 +16 UEFA
 North Korea 1989 37 11 8 18 37 40 −3 AFC
 South Korea 1990 45 31 8 6 109 30 +79 AFC
 Malaysia 1986 2 2 0 0 17 0 +17 AFC
 Mexico 2000 11 8 3 0 17 4 +13 CONCACAF
 Mongolia 2018 2 2 0 0 26 0 +26 AFC
 Myanmar 2004 3 3 0 0 16 0 +16 AFC
 Netherlands 1988 14 6 5 3 18 19 −1 UEFA
 New Zealand 1991 18 14 1 3 44 12 +32 OFC
 Nigeria 2000 6 4 1 1 14 7 +7 CAF
 Norway 1987 28 9 3 16 30 40 −10 UEFA
 Philippines 1995 4 4 0 0 50 0 +50 AFC
 Portugal 1996 8 4 3 1 18 7 +11 UEFA
 Republic of Ireland 2023 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 UEFA
 Romania 1991 1 1 0 0 3 1 +2 UEFA
 Russia 1991 14 11 2 1 23 8 +15 UEFA
 Scotland 2003 2 2 0 0 4 0 +4 UEFA
 Serbia 1989 1 1 0 0 6 1 +5 UEFA
 South Africa 2003 5 5 0 0 29 0 +29 CAF
 Spain 2015 4 0 1 3 2 8 −6 UEFA
 Sweden 1987 27 7 9 11 25 36 −11 UEFA
 Switzerland 2009 2 1 1 0 2 0 +2 UEFA
 Tajikistan 2018 1 1 0 0 16 0 +16 AFC
 Thailand 1989 19 18 1 0 80 8 +72 AFC
 United States 1986 60 9 13 38 38 104 −66 CONCACAF
 Ukraine 2017 1 1 0 0 5 0 +5 UEFA
 Uzbekistan 1997 6 6 0 0 47 1 +46 AFC
 Vietnam 2002 14 14 0 0 53 3 +50 AFC
 Wales 2011 1 1 0 0 2 1 +1 UEFA
 Zambia 2021 1 0 1 0 4 4 0 CAF
 Zimbabwe 2016 1 1 0 0 3 0 +3 CAF
Total (61) 1986 626 329 113 184 1373 611 +762 All

Honours

China vs Sweden 2016 Olympic

Intercontinental

Runners-up: 1999
Runners-up: 1996

Continental

Winners: 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2006, 2022
Runners-up: 2003, 2008
Winners: 1990, 1994, 1998
Runners-up: 2002, 2018

Regional

Runners-up: 2010, 2022

Other tournaments

Winners: 1990
Winners: 1999, 2002
Runners-up: 1997, 2003
Winners: 2005, 2009, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
Winners: 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019

See also


This page was last updated at 2024-01-25 19:14 UTC. Update now. View original page.

All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


Top

If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari