Climate of Spain

Köppen climate types of Spain

The climate of Spain is highly diverse and varies considerably across the country's various regions. Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe with 13 different Köppen climates.

The five most dominant climates in the country include: The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), the warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), the steppe climate (BSh and BSk), the oceanic climate (Cfb), and the warm-summer continental climate (Dfb).

The average annual temperature varies from less than 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) in the north of the Pyrenees, close to the border with France to more than 20 °C (68 °F) in a small region of the Mediterranean in the provinces of Almeria and Granada. The annual average precipitation ranges from more than 2,200 millimetres (87 in) on the northwest of Galicia and in the Pyrenees near San Sebastian to less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) in southeastern Spain in Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park.

In the Canary Islands, annual average temperature varies from less than 10 °C (50 °F) in the highest altitude area of Santa Cruz de Tenerife to more than 21 °C (70 °F) on lower areas of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, while the average annual precipitation ranges from more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) on the highest altitudes of La Palma to less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) in parts of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

Spain, like other countries of the Mediterranean Basin, is vulnerable to climate change, with greater risk of heatwaves and dry weather.

Zones

Five main climatic zones can be distinguished, according to the country's Köppen-Geiger climate classification and orographic conditions:

  • The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) which is also characterized by dry and warm/hot summers and cool to mild and wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is dominant on the Iberian Peninsula, particularly the variety with summer droughts, covering all but the far northern part of the country where the Oceanic climate predominates. The hot-summer Mediterranean climate is further divided into the "Standard Mediterranean" of lowland regions and continental Mediterranean climate of the interior, according to altitude and the mildness or harshness of the winter season. The Standard Mediterranean covers coastal areas (excluding the northern Atlantic coast) the Guadalquivir river basin and the lower reaches of the Tagus and Guadiana basins to the west of the country. The continental Mediterranean climate predominates in Spain's vast table lands, Meseta Central, of the interior.
  • The warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) which predominates in parts of northwestern Spain and mostly inland in central-northern Spain at altitudes above 900-1000 masl.
  • The semiarid climate (BSh and BSk) is predominant in the south eastern part of the country (Almeria province in Eastern Andalusia, Murcia region and Alicante province in Southern Valencia) and in the middle reaches of the Ebro valley to the north east (Zaragoza province), reaching as far west as southern Navarre. It is also present in large areas of the central table lands (primarily in Madrid and in the La Mancha region which includes parts of Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo provinces) and some of the driest areas of Extremadura. In contrast to the Mediterranean climate, the dry season continues beyond the end of summer and the vegetation is less dense.
  • The oceanic climate (Cfb) is located in the northern part of the country, especially in the regions of Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Navarre. This region has regular snowfall in the winter months.
  • The warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) which can be found in many areas in north-eastern Spain, in areas starting with altitudes above 1000-1100 masl. It can be found also in some areas in the Cantabrian Mountains and the highest areas of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range in central-eastern Spain.

Apart from the five main climate zones, other noticeable sub-zones can be found, such as the humid subtropical climate in large areas in the northern half of Catalonia going down to Barcelona, the province of Huesca and northern Navarre. The dry continental climates all across Spain in the highest areas (notably in the Sierra Nevada and the highest areas in central-northern Spain), the alpine climate and the Subarctic climate in the higher areas of northern Spain's various mountain ranges (notably the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees) and a hot desert climate in the southeastern coastline, on Almeria and Murcia provinces. Hot desert climate can also be found in the Canary Islands, most notably on the islands of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, but also in the coastal areas of Gran Canaria and in the south of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. On the remaining islands, this climate is also present, but in a much smaller portion. In the coastal areas of the Canary Islands, there are some regions that are influenced by a tropical climate, as the average temperature in the coldest month is above 18 °C (64 °F).

Hot summer Mediterranean climate

The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) is found in many parts of Spain's Mediterranean coast, from the border with Portugal to the middle of the province of Granada. Then it starts in Calpe, and goes to the border with France (with some exceptions such as the city of Valencia). It also extends inland in Andalusia and Extremadura. It is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild winters with infrequent frosts. The summers are hot, the winters are mild and most of precipitation falls in the autumn. Examples of cities with Csa climate are Málaga, Barcelona, Palma or Seville.

Climate data for Málaga Airport (AGP), Churriana (1981–2010), Extremes (1942-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2)
30.0
(86.0)
31.4
(88.5)
33.0
(91.4)
35.0
(95.0)
41.0
(105.8)
44.2
(111.6)
44.0
(111.2)
40.0
(104.0)
36.3
(97.3)
30.4
(86.7)
29.9
(85.8)
44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2)
17.7
(63.9)
19.6
(67.3)
21.4
(70.5)
24.3
(75.7)
28.1
(82.6)
30.5
(86.9)
30.8
(87.4)
28.2
(82.8)
24.1
(75.4)
20.1
(68.2)
17.5
(63.5)
23.3
(73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)
12.9
(55.2)
14.7
(58.5)
16.3
(61.3)
19.3
(66.7)
23.0
(73.4)
25.5
(77.9)
26.0
(78.8)
23.5
(74.3)
19.5
(67.1)
15.7
(60.3)
13.2
(55.8)
18.5
(65.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3)
8.2
(46.8)
9.8
(49.6)
11.1
(52.0)
14.2
(57.6)
18.0
(64.4)
20.5
(68.9)
21.1
(70.0)
18.8
(65.8)
15.0
(59.0)
11.3
(52.3)
8.9
(48.0)
13.7
(56.7)
Record low °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3)
−3.8
(25.2)
−1.2
(29.8)
2.8
(37.0)
5.0
(41.0)
12.8
(55.0)
14.0
(57.2)
15.2
(59.4)
10.2
(50.4)
5.6
(42.1)
1.4
(34.5)
−0.8
(30.6)
−3.8
(25.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69
(2.7)
60
(2.4)
52
(2.0)
44
(1.7)
20
(0.8)
6
(0.2)
0
(0)
6
(0.2)
20
(0.8)
57
(2.2)
100
(3.9)
100
(3.9)
534
(21.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 5 3 1 0 1 2 4 6 7 42
Average relative humidity (%) 69 68 67 63 59 58 58 61 65 70 71 72 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 180 180 222 244 292 329 347 316 255 215 172 160 2,905
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Warm summer Mediterranean climate

The Csb warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in parts of Galicia and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine Saharan dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibetico and the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate.[citation needed] The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León and Salamanca.

It is characterised by year-round mild temperatures with drier summer months, often resulting in moderate drought conditions with at least one month per year usually recording less than 40 mm (1.6 in). This is a characteristic which distinguishes Galicia from a typical Cfb climate. Annual rainfall is higher than in the eastern and southern regions, usually ranging from 800 to 2,000 mm (31.5 to 78.7 in). Not all Galicia has a Csb climate, most of the north and central mountains have a typical oceanic Cfb. Some valleys in the south are classified as Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), like the comarca of O Condado, the city of Ourense or O Ribeiro.

In North-West Castile, the climate is classified also as Csb because the temperatures of summer are cooler due to the altitude.

Climate data for A Coruña 58 metres (190 feet) above sea level (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6)
27.4
(81.3)
28.2
(82.8)
31.6
(88.9)
34.0
(93.2)
34.8
(94.6)
34.5
(94.1)
39.6
(103.3)
31.4
(88.5)
31.5
(88.7)
25.0
(77.0)
25.6
(78.1)
39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3)
14.1
(57.4)
15.5
(59.9)
16.2
(61.2)
18.1
(64.6)
20.6
(69.1)
22.1
(71.8)
22.8
(73.0)
22.0
(71.6)
19.1
(66.4)
16.0
(60.8)
14.1
(57.4)
17.8
(64.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4)
11.1
(52.0)
12.4
(54.3)
13.0
(55.4)
15.0
(59.0)
17.4
(63.3)
19.0
(66.2)
19.6
(67.3)
18.6
(65.5)
16.1
(61.0)
13.3
(55.9)
11.5
(52.7)
14.8
(58.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6)
8.0
(46.4)
9.2
(48.6)
9.9
(49.8)
12.0
(53.6)
14.3
(57.7)
15.9
(60.6)
16.4
(61.5)
15.2
(59.4)
13.0
(55.4)
10.5
(50.9)
8.9
(48.0)
11.8
(53.2)
Record low °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4)
−2.9
(26.8)
0.6
(33.1)
2.0
(35.6)
2.2
(36.0)
4.2
(39.6)
9.9
(49.8)
9.4
(48.9)
5.2
(41.4)
4.0
(39.2)
1.0
(33.8)
−1.0
(30.2)
−2.9
(26.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 112
(4.4)
88
(3.5)
75
(3.0)
88
(3.5)
75
(3.0)
44
(1.7)
34
(1.3)
35
(1.4)
64
(2.5)
130
(5.1)
138
(5.4)
131
(5.2)
1,014
(39.9)
Average precipitation days 14 12 12 13 11 7 6 6 8 13 14 15 130
Mean monthly sunshine hours 102 121 160 175 201 225 239 244 192 149 108 94 2,010
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Oceanic climate

An oceanic climate prevails from the Pyrenees to Galicia, area which is sometimes called "Green Spain", characterized by relatively mild winters and warm summers. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing the Spanish Atlantic coast. Because of the Foehn effect, the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the rest of Spain. The rainfall is generally abundant, exceeding 1,000 mm (39.4 in) and is fairly evenly spread out over the year, with the driest month above 30 mm (1.2 in), which is the minimum criteria for an oceanic climate according to Köppen. Although Köppen officially limits the oceanic domain to the Asturias and the Basque Country region, certain authors such as Trewartha prefer to extend this climatic zone to the north-west part of the peninsula to Galicia, due to the moderate summer temperatures.

Temperatures vary only slightly, both on a diurnal and a seasonal basis, and averages range from 9 °C (48.2 °F) in January to 21 °C (69.8 °F) in July. The moderating effects of the sea are less prominent further inland, where temperatures are more extreme than those on the coast. Distance from the Atlantic Ocean also has an effect on precipitation levels, so there is less rainfall in the east than in the west. Autumn (October to December) is the wettest season, while July is the driest month. The high humidity and the prevailing off-shore winds make fog and mist common along the north west coast; this phenomenon is less frequent a short distance inland because the mountains form a barrier to the maritime moisture.

Climate data for Bilbao airport: 1981–2010 normals, 1947-2022 extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.9
(76.8)
26.8
(80.2)
29.8
(85.6)
33.1
(91.6)
36.0
(96.8)
41.2
(106.2)
42.0
(107.6)
41.9
(107.4)
41.7
(107.1)
33.4
(92.1)
27.6
(81.7)
24.7
(76.5)
42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)
14.3
(57.7)
16.5
(61.7)
17.6
(63.7)
20.8
(69.4)
23.4
(74.1)
25.4
(77.7)
26.0
(78.8)
24.6
(76.3)
21.4
(70.5)
16.6
(61.9)
13.9
(57.0)
19.5
(67.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)
9.7
(49.5)
11.5
(52.7)
12.6
(54.7)
15.7
(60.3)
18.4
(65.1)
20.4
(68.7)
20.9
(69.6)
19.2
(66.6)
16.4
(61.5)
12.4
(54.3)
9.9
(49.8)
14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)
5.1
(41.2)
6.4
(43.5)
7.6
(45.7)
10.6
(51.1)
13.4
(56.1)
15.4
(59.7)
15.7
(60.3)
13.8
(56.8)
11.4
(52.5)
8.2
(46.8)
5.9
(42.6)
9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −7.6
(18.3)
−8.6
(16.5)
−5.0
(23.0)
−1.2
(29.8)
0.4
(32.7)
3.6
(38.5)
6.6
(43.9)
6.8
(44.2)
3.8
(38.8)
0.6
(33.1)
−6.2
(20.8)
−7.4
(18.7)
−8.6
(16.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 120
(4.7)
86
(3.4)
90
(3.5)
107
(4.2)
78
(3.1)
60
(2.4)
50
(2.0)
76
(3.0)
73
(2.9)
111
(4.4)
147
(5.8)
122
(4.8)
1,134
(44.6)
Average precipitation days 13 11 11 13 11 7 7 8 8 11 13 12 124
Average snowy days 0.7 0.7 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 2.1
Average relative humidity (%) 72 69 68 69 69 70 71 72 71 71 73 72 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 85 97 132 138 169 180 186 179 160 126 88 78 1,610
Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
Source 2: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Humid subtropical climate

The humid subtropical climate exists in large areas of north-eastern Spain, mostly in the northern half of Catalonia and the province of Huesca. This climate is also found across northern Navarra and the northern areas of the province of Guadalajara. The largest city with this climate in Spain is Girona.

Climate data for Girona Airport, 1981-2010 normals, extremes 1973-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8)
25.5
(77.9)
29.0
(84.2)
30.2
(86.4)
37.3
(99.1)
43.0
(109.4)
41.3
(106.3)
41.2
(106.2)
37.0
(98.6)
33.1
(91.6)
30.0
(86.0)
22.5
(72.5)
43.0
(109.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)
14.1
(57.4)
16.7
(62.1)
18.8
(65.8)
22.4
(72.3)
26.6
(79.9)
30.1
(86.2)
29.8
(85.6)
26.1
(79.0)
21.8
(71.2)
16.6
(61.9)
13.6
(56.5)
20.8
(69.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)
7.9
(46.2)
10.4
(50.7)
12.5
(54.5)
16.3
(61.3)
20.4
(68.7)
23.6
(74.5)
23.4
(74.1)
20.1
(68.2)
16.2
(61.2)
10.9
(51.6)
7.8
(46.0)
14.7
(58.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
1.7
(35.1)
4.1
(39.4)
6.2
(43.2)
10.1
(50.2)
14.3
(57.7)
17.1
(62.8)
17.0
(62.6)
14.1
(57.4)
10.5
(50.9)
5.2
(41.4)
2.0
(35.6)
8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −13.0
(8.6)
−8.2
(17.2)
−5.8
(21.6)
−3.0
(26.6)
0.6
(33.1)
5.1
(41.2)
8.0
(46.4)
8.4
(47.1)
4.6
(40.3)
−2.0
(28.4)
−7.0
(19.4)
−9.4
(15.1)
−13.0
(8.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 62
(2.4)
51
(2.0)
50
(2.0)
67
(2.6)
71
(2.8)
60
(2.4)
32
(1.3)
46
(1.8)
70
(2.8)
88
(3.5)
70
(2.8)
56
(2.2)
728
(28.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4.9 4.9 5.1 7.1 7.3 5.1 3.2 5.1 6.5 6.4 5.2 4.7 65.8
Average relative humidity (%) 75 73 70 69 68 63 59 65 70 75 76 76 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 156 179 194 224 247 285 261 195 143 132 132 2,295
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Semi-arid climates

The semiarid climate (BSk and BSh in the Köppen climate classification) is predominant in south-eastern Spain (covering most of Alicante, Murcia and Almería provinces), and in certain parts of the Ebro Valley. It is also present in parts of the centre (Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces), south and west of the country which borders between a Mediterranean and semi-arid climate. It is very hot during the summer (temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F)) and the drought usually extends into the autumn. Rainfall in these areas are usually between 280 mm and 420 mm.

Climate data for Murcia (1984–2010), extremes (1984–)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.8
(82.0)
29.4
(84.9)
33.6
(92.5)
37.4
(99.3)
41.0
(105.8)
42.5
(108.5)
46.2
(115.2)
43.2
(109.8)
44.6
(112.3)
34.9
(94.8)
31.0
(87.8)
27.3
(81.1)
46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9)
18.4
(65.1)
20.9
(69.6)
23.3
(73.9)
26.6
(79.9)
31.0
(87.8)
34.0
(93.2)
34.2
(93.6)
30.4
(86.7)
25.6
(78.1)
20.3
(68.5)
17.2
(63.0)
24.9
(76.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1)
12.2
(54.0)
14.3
(57.7)
16.5
(61.7)
20.0
(68.0)
24.2
(75.6)
27.2
(81.0)
27.6
(81.7)
24.2
(75.6)
19.8
(67.6)
14.6
(58.3)
11.5
(52.7)
18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5)
5.9
(42.6)
7.7
(45.9)
9.7
(49.5)
13.3
(55.9)
17.4
(63.3)
20.3
(68.5)
20.9
(69.6)
18.0
(64.4)
13.9
(57.0)
8.9
(48.0)
5.8
(42.4)
12.3
(54.1)
Record low °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5)
−3.9
(25.0)
−2.4
(27.7)
0.0
(32.0)
4.0
(39.2)
8.0
(46.4)
13.0
(55.4)
14.0
(57.2)
9.6
(49.3)
4.4
(39.9)
−1.0
(30.2)
−6.0
(21.2)
−7.5
(18.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27
(1.1)
27
(1.1)
30
(1.2)
25
(1.0)
28
(1.1)
18
(0.7)
3
(0.1)
8
(0.3)
32
(1.3)
36
(1.4)
32
(1.3)
29
(1.1)
297
(11.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4 4 3 4 4 2 1 1 3 4 4 4 37
Average relative humidity (%) 65 63 59 53 52 49 50 54 59 64 65 68 58
Mean monthly sunshine hours 189 190 223 256 289 323 353 317 239 217 186 172 2,967
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

Desert climate

The desert climate exists in a few zones of the south-eastern coast of Spain and in much parts of the Canary Islands. Within mainland Spain, it appears predominantly in Almería, with the city of Almería bordering a hot desert climate categorization (Köppen: BWh) as the average temperature is 19.1 °C (66.4 °F) and the average precipitation is approximately 200mm. This area extends to the Andarax and Almanzora river valleys and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, which are also known for having also a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with a precipitation amount of 156 mm (6.1 in) per year which is reportedly the driest place in Europe. The desert climate exists in other areas of the southeast, such as the Tabernas Desert, which has an annual average temperature of 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) placing it just 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) below under the categorization of hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), so it has a cold desert climate (Köppen: BWk). It also exists in areas of Murcia and specific points inland of the province of Alicante.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9)
25.2
(77.4)
32.4
(90.3)
30.6
(87.1)
36.3
(97.3)
40.8
(105.4)
41.6
(106.9)
42.0
(107.6)
37.6
(99.7)
34.4
(93.9)
29.0
(84.2)
27.7
(81.9)
42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4)
17.6
(63.7)
19.6
(67.3)
21.4
(70.5)
24.1
(75.4)
27.9
(82.2)
30.5
(86.9)
31.0
(87.8)
28.4
(83.1)
24.5
(76.1)
20.5
(68.9)
17.9
(64.2)
23.4
(74.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7)
13.3
(55.9)
15.1
(59.2)
17.0
(62.6)
19.7
(67.5)
23.5
(74.3)
26.1
(79.0)
26.7
(80.1)
24.2
(75.6)
20.4
(68.7)
16.4
(61.5)
13.8
(56.8)
19.1
(66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)
9.0
(48.2)
10.6
(51.1)
12.5
(54.5)
15.3
(59.5)
18.9
(66.0)
21.7
(71.1)
22.4
(72.3)
20.0
(68.0)
16.3
(61.3)
12.3
(54.1)
9.6
(49.3)
14.7
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)
1.0
(33.8)
1.0
(33.8)
6.0
(42.8)
8.4
(47.1)
10.4
(50.7)
12.0
(53.6)
14.8
(58.6)
10.1
(50.2)
3.4
(38.1)
3.1
(37.6)
2.0
(35.6)
0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 24
(0.9)
25
(1.0)
16
(0.6)
17
(0.7)
12
(0.5)
5
(0.2)
1
(0.0)
1
(0.0)
14
(0.6)
27
(1.1)
28
(1.1)
30
(1.2)
200
(7.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.9 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.5 2.8 3.6 3.3 25.4
Average relative humidity (%) 67 67 65 62 63 61 60 63 65 68 67 67 65
Average dew point °C (°F) 7
(45)
7
(45)
9
(48)
10
(50)
13
(55)
16
(61)
18
(64)
20
(68)
18
(64)
15
(59)
10
(50)
8
(46)
13
(55)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 194 191 232 261 297 325 342 315 256 218 183 178 2,994
Mean daily daylight hours 10.5 11.3 12.4 13.6 14.6 15.2 14.9 14 12.8 11.7 10.7 10.2 12.7
Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, between 1985−2015) Weatherbase(length of day)

Other types

Besides the above three major climate zones, there are four other climate types in Spain:

The southernmost coast of Spain (Málaga and Granada's coastal strip) has the warmest winters across Europe, with very sunny and mostly warm days with total absence of winter frosts allowing for the prolific cultivation of tropical fruits such as mango, papaya, cherimoya, pitaya and the carambola, amongst others. The benign winter, with minimum night temperatures in January rarely falling below 5 °C (46 °F) is due to the microclimate created by the Sierra Nevada mountains to the north of this coastal strip, preventing cooler north winds from reaching the area.

Parts of the south East coast also have a Hot Arid climate, with annual average temperatures above 18 °C and annual rainfall below 250mm. Almeria and Murcia provinces are the only areas in Europe within this climatic zone.

Percentage of predominant climates and diversity

According to AEMET, the climate in Spain is extremely diverse, due to its very diverse orography. In total, there are 13 Köppen climate types in Spain, with the polar tundra type (ET) becoming extinct from the period 1981-2010. These are the climates that are found in majority of Spain:

  • Mediterranean climate (Cs): Predominates the country and occupies around 60.2% of the territory. It is characterized by dry (warm or hot) summers and mild, rainy winters. The hot summer (Csa) is more extensive compared to the warm summer (Csb).
  • Semi-arid climate (Bs): It is present in a significant part, occupying around 21.3% of the country. It is predominant in the southeast, but also in a significant portion of the country's interior, such as the Meseta Central. The cold semi-arid (BSk) is much more extensive than the hot semi-arid (BSh). However, the hot semi-arid still occupies more than 1% of the territory, which is significant compared to continental climates that occupy a smaller percentage. Spain has the largest semi-arid areas on the European continent.
  • Temperate climate without dry season (Cf): The oceanic climate (Cfb) and the humid subtropical (Cfa) also occupy a significant portion, although in a smaller percentage. Around 17.4% has the Cf climate, with the oceanic climate accounting for around 13% and the humid subtropical climate accounting for around 4.4%. It is predominant in the north of Spain, with mild winters and cool summers (or hot in the case of Cfa) and it is rainy throughout the year.

In addition to these, the continental climates with dry summer Dsb, Dsc and no dry season Dfb and Dfc are also present. The hot arid climate (BWh) and the cold arid climate (BWk) occupy around 0.3% of the territory and are only present in the southeast of the country.

Canary Islands

In the Canary Islands, arid and semi-arid climates predominate, but there is also a significant portion with a mediterranean climate:

  • Arid climate (BW): It occupies around 48.1% of the territory, with the hot arid (BWh) being significantly more extensive than the cold arid (BWk).
  • Semi-arid climate (Bs): It occupies around 21.4%, with the hot semi-arid (BSh) being more extensive than the cold semi-arid (BSk).
  • Mediterranean climate (Cs): Occupies around 30.5%, with the warm summer Mediterranean (Csb) being more extensive than the hot summer Mediterranean (Csa).

It is also present extremely small areas that have a dry summer continental climate (Ds).

Climate change

Climate change has caused temperatures in the world to rise in the last few decades, and temperatures in Europe have risen twice as fast as the average change in the rest of the world. In Spain, which already has a hot and dry climate, extreme events such as heatwaves are becoming increasingly frequent. The country is also experiencing more episodes of drought and increased severity of these episodes. Water resources will be severely affected in various climate change scenarios.

To mitigate the effects of climate change, Spain is promoting an energy transition to renewable energies, such as solar and wind energy. In 2021, to support this process, the government approved a law on climate change and energy transition.

Spanish society as a whole is one of the most climate change conscious societies in the EU. Due to the effects of global warming, Spanish society is demanding stronger measures.

Temperature averages for Spanish mainland cities

Atlantic (Northern) Spain

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Atlantic Spain
Location Coldest
month
April Warmest
month
October
A Coruña 13.5 / 8.1
(56.3 / 46.6)
16.2 / 9.9
(61.2 / 49.8)
22.8 / 16.4
(73.0 / 61.5)
19.1 / 13.0
(66.4 / 55.4)
Bilbao 13.4 / 5.1
(56.1 / 41.2)
17.6 / 7.6
(63.7 / 45.7)
26.0 / 15.7
(78.8 / 60.3)
21.4 / 11.4
(70.5 / 52.5)
Gijón 13.1 / 4.7
(55.6 / 40.5)
15.6 / 8.1
(60.1 / 46.6)
23.2 / 16.2
(73.8 / 61.2)
19.0 / 11.0
(66.2 / 51.8)
Oviedo 12.0 / 4.6
(53.6 / 40.3)
15.7 / 6.8
(60.3 / 44.2)
23.3 / 14.8
(73.9 / 58.6)
18.7 / 10.4
(65.7 / 50.7)
Santander 13.6 / 5.8
(56.5 / 42.4)
16.6 / 8.3
(61.9 / 46.9)
24.2 / 16.4
(75.6 / 61.5)
20.3 / 11.8
(68.5 / 53.2)
Vigo 11.9 / 5.4
(53.4 / 41.7)
16.6 / 8.2
(61.9 / 46.8)
24.7 / 15.0
(76.5 / 59.0)
18.8 / 11.2
(65.8 / 52.2)
Vitoria 8.7 / 1.2
(47.7 / 34.2)
15.4 / 4.1
(59.7 / 39.4)
25.9 / 12.5
(78.6 / 54.5)
18.3 / 7.5
(64.9 / 45.5)

Continental Spain

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Continental Spain
Location Coldest
month
April Warmest
month
October
Albacete 10.5 / −0.2
(50.9 / 31.6)
18.4 / 5.4
(65.1 / 41.7)
33.2 / 16.9
(91.8 / 62.4)
24.9 / 14.5
(76.8 / 58.1)
Córdoba 14.9 / 3.6
(58.8 / 38.5)
22.8 / 9.3
(73.0 / 48.7)
36.9 / 19.0
(98.4 / 66.2)
25.1 / 13.0
(77.2 / 55.4)
Madrid 9.8 / 2.7
(49.6 / 36.9)
18.2 / 7.7
(64.8 / 45.9)
32.1 / 19.0
(89.8 / 66.2)
19.4 / 10.7
(66.9 / 51.3)
Murcia 16.6 / 4.7
(61.9 / 40.5)
23.3 / 9.7
(73.9 / 49.5)
34.2 / 20.9
(93.6 / 69.6)
25.6 / 13.9
(78.1 / 57.0)
Seville 16.0 / 5.7
(60.8 / 42.3)
23.4 / 11.1
(74.1 / 52.0)
36.0 / 20.3
(96.8 / 68.5)
26.0 / 14.4
(78.8 / 57.9)
Valladolid 8.2 / 0.2
(46.8 / 32.4)
16.9 / 4.6
(62.4 / 40.3)
30.7 / 14.0
(87.3 / 57.2)
18.9 / 7.6
(66.0 / 45.7)
Zaragoza 10.5 / 2.7
(50.9 / 36.9)
19.6 / 7.9
(67.3 / 46.2)
32.4 / 18.3
(90.3 / 64.9)
21.4 / 11.0
(70.5 / 51.8)

Mediterranean Spain

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Mediterranean Spain
Location Coldest
month
April Warmest
month
October
Alicante 17.0 / 6.7
(62.6 / 44.1)
21.3 / 10.9
(70.3 / 51.6)
30.8 / 21.5
(87.4 / 70.7)
24.9 / 14.9
(76.8 / 58.8)
Almería 16.9 / 8.3
(62.4 / 46.9)
21.4 / 12.5
(70.5 / 54.5)
31.0 / 22.4
(87.8 / 72.3)
24.5 / 16.3
(76.1 / 61.3)
Barcelona 14.8 / 8.8
(58.6 / 47.8)
19.1 / 12.5
(66.4 / 54.5)
29.0 / 23.1
(84.2 / 73.6)
22.5 / 16.5
(72.5 / 61.7)
Castellón 15.3 / 5.8
(59.5 / 42.4)
20.5 / 10.3
(68.9 / 50.5)
30.3 / 20.9
(86.5 / 69.6)
23.5 / 14.4
(74.3 / 57.9)
Málaga 16.8 / 7.4
(62.2 / 45.3)
21.4 / 11.1
(70.5 / 52.0)
30.8 / 21.1
(87.4 / 70.0)
24.1 / 15.0
(75.4 / 59.0)
Valencia 16.4 / 7.1
(61.5 / 44.8)
20.8 / 11.5
(69.4 / 52.7)
30.2 / 21.9
(86.4 / 71.4)
24.4 / 15.2
(75.9 / 59.4)

Temperature averages for Spanish non-mainland cities

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in the Canaries
Location Coldest
month
April Warmest
month
October
El Hierro Airport 20.8 / 16.4
(69.4 / 61.5)
21.6 / 17.0
(70.9 / 62.6)
26.5 / 21.7
(79.7 / 71.1)
25.6 / 20.9
(78.1 / 69.6)
Gran Canaria 20.8 / 15.0
(69.4 / 59.0)
22.6 / 16.2
(72.7 / 61.2)
27.5 / 21.6
(81.5 / 70.9)
26.2 / 20.1
(79.2 / 68.2)
La Laguna 16.0 / 10.2
(60.8 / 50.4)
18.5 / 10.9
(65.3 / 51.6)
25.7 / 16.6
(78.3 / 61.9)
22.5 / 15.2
(72.5 / 59.4)
Los Cancajos 20.7 / 15.3
(69.3 / 59.5)
21.6 / 16.2
(70.9 / 61.2)
26.6 / 21.3
(79.9 / 70.3)
25.5 / 20.2
(77.9 / 68.4)
Santa Cruz 21.0 / 15.4
(69.8 / 59.7)
22.7 / 16.5
(72.9 / 61.7)
29.0 / 21.9
(84.2 / 71.4)
26.3 / 20.3
(79.3 / 68.5)
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in the Balearic Islands
Location Coldest
month
April Warmest
month
October
Ibiza 15.7 / 8.1
(60.3 / 46.6)
19.7 / 11.4
(67.5 / 52.5)
30.3 / 22.2
(86.5 / 72.0)
24.0 / 16.5
(75.2 / 61.7)
Palma 15.4 / 8.3
(59.7 / 46.9)
19.2 / 11.7
(66.6 / 53.1)
29.8 / 22.5
(85.6 / 72.5)
23.7 / 16.6
(74.7 / 61.9)
Menorca Airport 14.2 / 7.4
(57.6 / 45.3)
18.0 / 10.6
(64.4 / 51.1)
29.2 / 21.5
(84.6 / 70.7)
22.7 / 16.1
(72.9 / 61.0)

Extreme temperature records in selected cities

See also: List of extreme temperatures in Spain

Nationally, the lowest temperature ever reported in Spain is −32.0 °C (−25.6 °F) in Estany Gento, Province of Lleida on 2 February 1956. Conversely, the highest, officially, is 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) at La Rambla, Cordoba on 14 August 2021.

Location Record highs Record lows
Mediterranean
La Rambla, province of Cordoba 47.6 °C (117.7 °F)
Montoro, Córdoba 47.4 °C (117.3 °F)
Cordoba 46.9 °C (116.4 °F) −8.2 °C (17.2 °F)
Seville 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)
Granada 46 °C (115 °F) −14.2 °C (6.4 °F)
Málaga 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) −3.8 °C (25.2 °F)
Continental
Zaragoza 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) −14 °C (7 °F)
Albacete 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) −24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)
Teruel 41.3 °C (106.3 °F) −21 °C (−6 °F)
Valladolid 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) −11.5 °C (11.3 °F)
Northern Atlantic
Ourense 44.1 °C (111.4 °F) −8.6 °C (16.5 °F)
Bilbao 44 °C (111 °F) −8.6 °C (16.5 °F)
A Coruña 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) −3.0 °C (26.6 °F)
Oviedo 39 °C (102 °F) −6.0 °C (21.2 °F)
Vigo 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) −5.0 °C (23.0 °F)

Sea temperature

Bilbao
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
13 °C (55 °F) 12 °C (54 °F) 12 °C (54 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15.8 °C (60.4 °F)
Barcelona
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18 °C (64 °F)
Valencia
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
14 °C (57 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 13 °C (55 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 18.5 °C (65.3 °F)
Alicante
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
14 °C (57 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 24 °C (75 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 18.6 °C (65.5 °F)
Gibraltar/Algeciras area
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
16 °C (61 °F) 15 °C (59 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 18 °C (64 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 18.4 °C (65.1 °F)
Las Palmas
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 20 °C (68 °F) 20.9 °C (69.6 °F)

See also


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