Historical urban community sizes

This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods.

Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task.

Neolithic settlements

Town Location 7000 BC 6000 BC 5000 BC 4000 BC 3800 BC 3700 BC
'Ain Ghazal Jordan 2,501
Beidha Jordan 1,000
Çatalhöyük Turkey 1,000–10,000
Choirokoitia Cyprus 300–600 2,000
Lepenski Vir Serbia 150–1,000
Nea Nikomedeia Greece 500–700
Okoliste Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,000–3,000
Vinča-Belo Brdo Serbia 2,000–2,500
Sesklo Greece 1,000–5,000
Dobrovody Ukraine 16,000 10,000–16,000
Fedorovka Ukraine 6,000
Mehrgarh Pakistan 1,000–10,000
Maydanets Ukraine 10,000 10,000–46,000
Nebelivka Ukraine 17,000
Talianki Ukraine 15,000–25,000–30,000 10,000–15,000[unreliable source?]
Tell Brak Syria 4,000 5,000
Uruk Iraq 5,000

Bronze Age

Table 1: 3700–2600 BC
City Location 3700 BC 3400 BC 3100 BC 2800 BC 2600 BC
Adab Iraq 11,000
Anshan Iran 10,000 10,000
Bad-tibira Iraq 16,000
Eridu Iraq 6,000–10,000
Habuba Kabira Syria 6,000–8,000
Harappa Pakistan 35,000
Kish Iraq 40,000
Lagash Iraq 40,000
Larak/Larsa Iraq 10,000 10,000
Manika, Greece Greece 6,000–15,000 6,000–15,000
Memphis Egypt 30,000
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan 41,250
Nekhen Egypt 5,000–10,000
Nippur Iraq 13,000
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran 20,000
Shuruppak Iraq 20,000
Suheri 13,000 10,000
Susa Iran 8,000
Tell Brak Syria 8,000 22,000 20,000
Thebes, Greece Greece 4,000
6,000
Umma Iraq 26,000
Ur Iraq 6,000
Uruk Iraq 8,000
14,000
20,000 40,000–50,000 80,000 80,000
Table 2: 2500–1200 BC
City Location 2500 BC 2300 BC 2000 BC 1800 BC 1600 BC 1360 BC 1200 BC
Athens Greece 10,000 10,000–15,000
Akrotiri (prehistoric city) Greece 8,000–30,000
Adab Iraq 13,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Akkad Iraq 36,000
Amarna Egypt
Anshan Iran 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Avaris/Pi-Ramses Egypt 100,000 160,000
Babylon Iraq 65,000 80,000
Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq
Ebla Syria 30,000
Erlitou China 24,000–35,000
Harappa Pakistan 10,000
Hattusa Turkey 40,000 40,000
Hazor Israel
Heliopolis Egypt
Heracleopolis Egypt
Isin Iraq 40,000 20,000
Kerma Sudan
Kesh Iraq 11,000
Kish Iraq 25,000 10,000 40,000
Knossos Greece 1,300–2,000 18,000 20,000 30,000
Lagash Iraq 40,000 10,000 30,000 10,000
Larak/Larsa Iraq 10,000 40,000 20,000
Manika, Greece Greece 6,000–15,000 6,000–15,000
Malia Greece 5,000–10,000–12,500
Mari Syria
Memphis Egypt 30,000–35,000 60,000 30,000 22,000 32,000 50,000
Mohenjo-daro Pakistan 20,000 20,000 10,000
Mozah 15,000 15,000
Mycenae Greece 20,000 30,000–35,000 30,000
Namazga-Tepe Turkmenistan 14,000 14,000
Nekhen Egypt 21,000
Niniveh Iraq 23,000 33,000
Nippur Iraq 20,000 10,000 10,000
Palaikastro Greece 18,000
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico 7,500
Shahr-i Sokhta Iran 20,000 20,000
Shuruppak Iraq 17,000
Suheri 10,000 10,000 10,000
Susa Iran 25,000 25,000
Taosi China 10,000 14,000
Tell Brak Syria 15,000 15,000
Tell Churra 20,000
Tell Leilan Syria 20,000 20,000
Thebes Egypt 40,000 40,000 80,000 80,000
Thebes, Greece Greece 4,000–6,000 8,000
Tiryns Greece 1,200–1,800 10,000 10,000–15,000
Umma Iraq 34,000 20,000 10,000 20,000
Ur Iraq 60,000
65,000
Uruk Iraq 50,000 75,000
Yin (Anyang) China 50,000–120,000
Zabala Iraq 10,000 10,000 10,000
Zhengzhou China 35,000

Iron Age

Table 1: 1000-400 BC
City Location 1000 BC 900 BC 800 BC 700 BC 650 BC 600 BC 500 BC 430 BC 400 BC
Aegina Greece 20,000–40,000 20,000–40,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 48,000
Anyi 100,000 100,000
Athens Greece 2,500–5,000 2,500–5,000 2,500–5,000 10,000 20,000 40,000 25,000
Agrigento Italy 40,000 40,000
Argos Greece 30,000–60,000 30,000–60,000
Ayodhya India
Babylon Iraq 45,000–100,000 47,000 60,000 125,000 150,000 200,000 150,000
Benares India
Capua Italy 100,000 100,000
Cerveteri Italy 25,000–40,000
Chicheng China
Cuicuilco Mexico
Corinth Greece 5,000 20,000
Crotone Italy 50,000–80,000
Ecbatana Iran
Haojing China 100,000 125,000 125,000 33,000
Hastinapur India
Jerusalem Israel/Palestine 40,000 49,942 (445 BC)
Kamarina Italy 20,000
Kerch Crimea Ukraine 40,000
Kingchow China
Kalḫu (Nimrud) Iraq 75,000
Kosambi India 55,000
Linzi China 55,000–100,000 80,000–100,000 65,000–100,000 80,000–100,000 60,000–200,000 100,000–200,000
Luoyang China 35,000–100,000 40,000 45,000–50,000 55,000–100,000 70,000–100,000 65,000–100,000 200,000 200,000 100,000–240,000
Marib Yemen 45,000
Memphis Egypt 35,000–100,000 44,000 65,000 100,000
Metapontum Italy 40,000
Miletus Turkey
Niniveh Iraq 39,000 100,000 120,000
Pataliputra / Patna India 400,000
Populonia Italy 25,000–40,000
Pyongyang North Korea
Tarquinia Italy 20,000–40,000
Thebes, Greece Greece 30,000–60,000 30,000–60,000
Qufu China 100,000 100,000
Rome Italy 4,440 24,400–40,000 27,200 28,960
Sais Egypt
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Mexico 13,000 13,000
Shangqiu China 100,000 130,000
Sravasti India 46,000
Sparta Greece 40,000–50,000
Susa Iran 40,000 200,000
Suzhou China 100,000
Syracuse Italy 24,000–40,000 24,000–40,000 24,000–125,000
Sybaris Italy 100,000
Taranto Italy 110,000–150,000
Thebes Egypt 50,000–120,000 50,000
Vaisali India
Veii Italy 25,000–100,000
Volsinii Italy 13,000–40,000
Vulci Italy 15,000–40,000
Xiadu China 100,000 100,000 320,000 300,000
Xintian China 100,000
Xinzheng China 100,000
Xue
Yong China 100,000
Table 2: 300 BC-400 AD
City Location 300 BC 200 BC 100 BC AD 1 AD 100 AD 200 AD 300 AD 361 AD 400
Alexandria Egypt 150,000 300,000–600,000 400,000 250,000–500,000 500,000 125,000–200,000
Augsburg Germany 25,000–50,000 25,000–50,000
Antioch Turkey 120,000 400,000 150,000–250,000 250,000 150,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 68,000 130,000 72,000
Anyi 100,000
Athens Greece 25,000 10,000 10,000 90,000 90,000
Autun France 40,000–100,000 40,000–100,000
Arles France 10,000 10,000 75,000
Ayodhya India 63,000
Aquileia Italy 12,000 12,000
Carnuntum Austria 12,000–50,000 12,000–50,000
Capua Italy 100,000 100,000 25,000–40,000
Carthage Tunisia 150,000–200,000 100,000–300,000 300,000
Chang'an/Xi'an China 100,000–400,000 375,000–400,000 246,000–500,000 81,000–100,000 120,000 140,000 80,000 100,000
Chengdu China 100,000 70,000
Cổ Loa Vietnam 40,000 50,000
Byzantium /
Constantinople
Turkey 15,000 20,000 150,000 200,000
Corinth Greece 40,000–100,000
Cologne Germany 20,000–40,000 20,000–40,000
Ctesiphon Iraq 250,000
Cuicuilco Mexico 36,000
Datong China 100,000
El Mirador Guatemala 200,000
Ephesus Turkey 33,600
Izapa Mexico 35,000
Kaushambi India 90,000-180,000
Kaveri 59,000
Linzi China 125,000–350,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
London UK 30,000 45,000–60,000
Lugdunum France 25,000–50,000 25,000–50,000
Luoyang China 125,000–240,000 60,000 200,000 420,000 140,000–250,000 200,000
Mathura India
Milan Italy 30,000–40,000 100,000 25,000–100,000
Monte Albán Mexico 5,200 17,200 17,200 17,200 17,200
Nanjing China 56,000 78,000 100,000 150,000 300,000
Nimes France 40,000–60,000
Ostia Antica Italy 25,000–40,000 25,000–50,000
Paithan India 60,000 84,000
Patala Pakistan 73,000
Pataliputra India 350,000–400,000 - 1,000,000 69,000 250,000
Peshawar Pakistan 120,000
Philippi Greece 100,000
Pingcheng China 88,000 200,000
Pozzuoli Italy 30,000–50,000 30,000–50,000
Pyay Myanmar 69,000
Qufu China 100,000–125,000
Rajgir India 100,000
Rhodes Greece 100,000–200,000 100,000
Rome Italy 100,000 150,000–160,000 400,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 800,000 800,000 800,000
Salona Croatia 25,000 25,000
Seleucia Iraq 200,000 400,000 250,000 (CE 2) 150,000–250,000
Shangqiu China 100,000
Srughna India 100,000
Suzhou China 100,000 66,000 95,000 58,000
Syracuse Italy 50,000–100,000 90,000 90,000
Taxila Pakistan 60,000
Teotihuacán Mexico 60,000–80,000 90,000
Thessaloniki Greece 30,000 30,000
Tikal Guatemala 100,000
Tosali India 16,000-47,000
Tres Zapotes Mexico 30,000
Trier Germany 10,000 10,000–50,000 50,000–100,000 60,000
Ujjain India 60,000 94,000 80,000
Vaishali India 28,000-82,000
Vidisha India ~100,000
Wanxian China 100,000
Xiadu China 300,000
Xianyang China 100,000 100,000–300,000
Xinzheng China 120,000–125,000
Xuchang China 140,000
Ye China 140,000 120,000 100,000

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages: 500-999 AD
City Location 500 600 622 700 775 800 900
Aleppo Syria 72,000
Athens Greece 110,000
Alexandria Egypt 94,000–200,000 216,000 60,000–100,000 60,000–100,000
Angkor Cambodia 80,000 100,000 90,000–150,000
Anhilpur India 80,000
Antioch Turkey 150,000
Anuradhapura Sri Lanka 70,000
Arles France 10,000
Ayodhya India 75,000
Badami India 70,000
Baghdad Iraq 175,000 150,000
Bakhalal Mexico 45,000
Basra Iraq 100,000
Benares India 75,000-210,000 49,000 59,000
Carthage Tunisia 100,000
Chang'an / Xi'an China 95,000–400,000 400,000–600,000 400,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 600,000–1,000,000 100,000–750,000
Chengdu China 94,000 100,000 100,000
Chenla Cambodia 70,000
Chunar India 72,000
Constantinople Turkey 400,000–500,000 150,000 150,000 125,000 40,000–50,000 40,000–50,000 150,000
Copán Honduras 63,000
Cologne Germany 15,000–20,000 21,000
Córdoba Spain 135,000 160,000 110,000–175,000
Ctesiphon Iraq 400,000 200,000–500,000
Dali China 90,000–100,000
Đại La /Hanoi Vietnam 25,000
Datong China 200,000
Dorestad Netherlands 1,000–2,500 1,000–2,500
El Pilar Guatemala 182,600
El Tajín Mexico 40,000 40,000 50,000
Fanyang (Youzhou) China 100,000
Florence Italy 1,000 2,000–2,500 5,000
Fustat Egypt 100,000 150,000
Gao Mali 72,000
Granada Spain 20,000
Guangzhou China 200,000 200,000
Gwalior India 65,000
Huari/Wari Peru 70,000
Jiankang China 500,000
Jinyang (Taiyuan) China 100,000 100,000
Kannauj India 230,000 250,000 250,000 230,000 200,000
Kanchi India 56,000 70,000 51,000
Kyoto Japan 200,000 100,000–200,000 200,000
Laon France 28,000
Lhasa China 100,000
London UK 10,000–12,000
Luoyang China 200,000–500,000 500,000 200,000 500,000 300,000–400,000 150,000–200,000
Lyon France 12,000
Madurai India 70,000 70,000
Mainz Germany 20,000 30,000
Mandsaur India 63,000
Manyakheta India 100,000–200,000
Metz France 25,000 14,000
Milan Italy 30,000 25,000 30,000 (875)
Naples Italy 30,000 30,000 30,000
Nanjing China 150,000–500,000
Nara Japan 100,000
Orléans France 10,000
Padua Italy 15,000
Paris France 10,000–30,000 20,000
Patna / Pataliputra India 500,000 300,000 100,000 74,000
Pavia Italy 15,000–20,000
Poitiers France 5,000–9,000 5,000–9,000 5,000–9,000 10,000 10,000
Preslav Bulgaria 40,000–60,000
Prambanan Indonesia 60,000 62,000
Provins France 10,000
Pyay Myanmar 73,000 100,000
Pliska Bulgaria 34,000
Ray Iran 68,000
Regensburg Germany 25,000 25,000
Reims France 20,000
Rennes France 10,000
Rome Italy 100,000 50,000–90,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 20,000–30,000
Rouen France 10,000
Seville Spain 20,000 40,000 35,000 35,000 40,000–52,000
Sialkot Pakistan 85,000
Speyer Germany 20,000
Suzhou China 70,000 120,000 100,000 84,000–100,000 81,000–100,000
Teotihuacán Mexico 125,000 60,000
Thessaloniki Greece 100,000 40,000 40,000 50,000 50,000
Tikal Guatemala 45,000 40,000
Toledo Spain 25,000 28,000
Toulouse France 10,000
Tours France 17,000 20,000
Tula Mexico 41,000 50,000
Trier Germany 10,000 15,000 15,000–25,000
Venice Italy 37,000
Verona Italy 30,000 25,000
Worms Germany 10,000
Wuchang China 100,000 84,000
Ye China 200,000
Later Middle Ages: 1000–1399
City Location 1000 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350
Angkor Cambodia 200,000
400,000
125,000
550,000
140,000
600,000
150,000
650,000
650,000
Amalfi Italy 35,000–80,000 10,000–15,000
Ani Turkey 100,000–200,000
Anhilpur India 100,000 100,000 135,000
Antioch Turkey 40,000 40,000
L'Aquila Italy 40,000
Bagan Myanmar 100,000 150,000 180,000 180,000
Baghdad Iraq 125,000 150,000 250,000 150,000
Beijing China 130,000 140,000 401,000 400,000
Berlin Germany 2,400 1,200–2,000 4,000–7,000
Bologna Italy 50,000 50,000 23,000
Braunschweig Germany 10,000 21,000
Bruges Belgium 12,000 15,000 25,000 36,000 50,000
Cahokia Illinois, USA 10,200–15,300 25,000 20,000–30,000
Cairo Egypt 135,000 150,000 175,000 200,000–250,000 300,000 400,000 350,000
Chang'an / Xi'an China 118,000 114,000
Chartres France 7,000
Chunar India 66,000
Cologne Germany 21,000 25,000–35,000 32,000–60,000 52,000–60,000 40,000–60,000 57,000 (1333)
Constantinople Turkey 150,000 200,000–250,000 200,000 150,000–250,000 100,000 150,000 80,000
Córdoba Spain 110,000 60,000 (1103) 60,000 60,000 40,000
Cuttack India 100,000 90,000 90,000
Dali China 90,000
100,000
100,000
Delhi India 10,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 125,000
Dhar India 80,000
Dwarasamudra India 30,000 120,000 150,000
Edessa Turkey 25,000
Erfurt Germany 10,000 21,000 32,000
Fanyang (Youzhou) China 100,000
Fes Morocco 75,000 125,000 160,000 200,000–250,000 200,000 150,000–200,000 125,000
Florence Italy 13,000 20,000 30,000 50,000–110,000 60,000–120,000 40,000
Gangaikonda Cholapuram India 200,000 300,000 300,000 250,000 150,000
Gaur India 60,000 90,000 100,000
Genoa Italy 15,000–80,000 30,000 100,000 100,000
Ghent Belgium 8,000 12,000 25,000 65,000 42,000–65,000 57,000
Guangzhou China 140,000 150,000 150,000
Hangzhou China 80,000 90,000 145,000–800,000 255,000–1,000,000 320,000–1,000,000 432,000–800,000 432,000
Jinzhou China 85,000
Kaifeng China 400,000–1,000,000 442,000–1,000,000 150,000 1,000,000
Kalburgi India 70,000
Kalyan India 150,000 125,000
Kannauj India 72,000 80,000 92,000
Khajuraho (Kalinjar) India 100,000 50,000
Khambhat India 50,000 60,000
Kyiv Ukraine 45,000 48,000–100,000 36,000–50,000
Kollam India 60,000
Kyoto Japan 175,000–300,000
Laon France 25,000
London UK 20,000–25,000 10,000–20,000 20,000–30,000 80,000–100,000 25,000–50,000
Lübeck Germany 6,000 18,800
Madurai India 60,000
Mainz Germany 30,000 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 24,000
Manyakheta India 71,000
Marrakech Morocco 150,000 150,000 150,000 125,000
Marseille France 6,000–7,000 25,000 40,000
Merv Turkmenistan 200,000 70,000
Metz France 16,000 21,000 23,000–27,000 32,000
Milan Italy 15,000 45,000 58,000 (1170) 60,000–100,000 150,000 150,000–200,000 50,000–200,000
Montpellier France 40,000–50,000
Nabadwip India 85,000
Nanjing China 130,000 130,000 130,000 95,000
Naples Italy 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000–36,000 (1278) 40,000–100,000 60,000 (1340)
Nishapur Iran 125,000
Norwich UK 20,000–25,000
Padua Italy 15,000 35,000
Palermo Italy 60,000–75,000 150,000 150,000 50,000 (1277) 40,000–100,000
Paris France 20,000 50,000–65,000 110,000 160,000 200,000–270,000 (1328) 215,000
Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka 75,000
Prague Czech Republic 10,000 22,000 40,000 50,000
Puri India 78,000 72,000
Ramavati 75,000
Regensburg Germany 40,000 30,000
Rome Italy 35,000 30,000–40,000 30,000–40,000 40,000 40,000–50,000 15,000–17,000
Rouen France 20,000 20,000 30,000–40,000 50,000 40,000–50,000
Salerno Italy 50,000 50,000 50,000 10,000 (1320)
Sarai Russia 120,000
Seville Spain 52,000 40,000–50,000
Shangjing China 140,000
Speyer Germany 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 25,000
Suzhou China 100,000 96,000
Tabriz Iran 125,000 100,000
Thanjavur India 200,000 250,000 200,000
Thăng Long/Hanoi Vietnam 30,000 40,000
Thessaloniki Greece 40,000 40,000 40,000 30,000 50,000–100,000 50,000–150,000
Toledo Spain 37,000 35,000 42,000
Toulouse France 35,000
Trier Germany 20,000 20,000 20,000 25,000
Venice Italy 45,000–60,000 58,000 64,000–70,000 70,000–80,000 45,000 100,000–120,000 65,228 (1363)
Veliky Novgorod Russia 10,000–18,000 20,000–40,000 50,000
Verona Italy 10,000 20,000–25,000 20,000–25,000 35,000–40,000
Vijayanagar India 200,000
Warangal India 63,000 80,000
Worms Germany 20,000 28,000 25,000 20,000
York UK 8,000 23,000
Ypres Belgium 40,000–200,000 30,000
Renaissance: 1400–1599
City 1400 1450 1500 1550 1575
Aachen 15,000
Adrianople / Edirne 28,000 85,000 125,000 160,000 183,000
Agra 250,000 500,000
Ahmedabad 70,000 80,000–100,000 140,000–175,000 300,000
Ahmednagar 70,000
Alessandria 8,000
Antwerp 18,000 (1374) 20,000 (1444) 40,000 90,000 104,984 (1568)
Asti 8,000
Augsburg 14,000 (1408) 17,000 (1471) 20,000 45,000
Ayutthaya 150,000 150,000 10,000 (1569)
Bago 150,000 175,000
Beijing 150,000 600,000 672,000 690,000 706,000
Bologna 40,000 55,000 61,731 (1569) 72,395 (1588)
Brescia 27,000 30,000 (1440) 49,000 41,000
Bursa 95,000 130,000
Bruges 37,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 29,000 (1584)
Cairo 125,000–360,000 380,000 400,000 360,000 275,000
Chan Chan 60,000–100,000 5,000–10,000
Chang'an / Xi'an 150,000 150,000 127,000 150,000
Cologne 40,000 30,000 35,000 37,000
Como 10,000 10,000
Constantinople / Istanbul 75,000 40,000–50,000 200,000 660,000 680,000
Crema 11,000
Cremona 35,000 40,000 34,000
Cuneo 6,000
Cuttack 75,000 100,000 140,000 90,000
Cusco 45,000
Delhi 80,000–100,000 160,000 160,000
Fes 125,000 150,000 130,000
Florence 45,000–61,000 54,000 (1470) 55,000–70,000 59,216 (1562)
Fossano 9,000
Gao 60,000
Gaur 150,000 200,000
Ghent 70,000 40,000 50,000
Genoa 80,000–100,000 120,000 (1460) 60,000 65,000
Granada 100,000 165,000 70,000
Guangzhou 150,000 175,000 150,000 160,000 170,000
Gwalior 80,000
Hangzhou 235,000 250,000 250,000 260,000 260,000
Hanoi 50,000
Jaunpur 100,000
Kalburgi 90,000
Kano 50,000
Khambhat 60,000
Kollam 60,000
Lodi 9,000
London 45,000 75,000 40,000 80,000
Lyon 20,000–35,000 60,000 50,000 70,000
Lübeck 17,200 21,568 25,444 22,452
Magdeburg 20,000 24,000 18,000 40,000
Mandu 70,000
Mantua 28,000 38,000
Milan 125,000 110,000 100,000 69,000 115,000 (1574)
Modena 18,000 16,000
Nanjing 487,000 150,000 157,000 182,000 188,000
Naples 40,000–100,000 60,000 (1435) 125,000–150,000 212,000 215,000
Novara 7,000
Nuremberg 18,000 25,982 (1449) 36,000 40,000
Oyo-Ile 150,000 60,000
Padua 27,000 32,000
Paris 100,000 (1422) 150,000 100,000 130,000 220,000
Parma 19,000 25,000
Pavia 16,000 13,000
Piacenza 27,000
Prague 40,000 30,000
Rome 33,000 33,500 (1458) 38,000–55,000 45,000 80,000 (1580)
Rouen 40,000 65,000
Samarkand 130,000
Seoul 100,000 125,000 150,000 125,000
Seville 15,000 (1384) 60,000 65,000 109,000 (1565)
Suzhou 129,000
Tabriz 150,000 200,000 250,000
Tenochtitlan/Mexico City 200,000-400,000 60,000
Texcoco 60,000
Venice 85,000–200,000 150,000 (1423) 100,000 158,000 134,871 (1581)
Verona 14,800 38,000 52,000
Vijayanagar 400,000 550,000 500,000 - 1,000,000

Early Modern era

City 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1825 1850 1875
Aachen 14,171 (1601) 12,000 15,000 24,000 35,428 56,190 (1849) 79,606
Adrianople/Edirne 160,000 132,000 93,000 96,000 100,000 125,000 85,000
Alexandria 15,000 (1693) 6,000 (1777) 4,000 (1798) 12,528 (1828) 138,000 212,000
Antwerp 47,000 70,000 70,000 46,000 60,000 88,000 127,000
Agra 500,000 660,000 60,000 108,000 149,008 (1872)
Ahmedabad 300,000 380,000 400,000 120,000 89,000 87,000 (1824) 94,390 (1846) 116,873 (1872)
Amsterdam 59,551 176,873 235,224 233,952 203,485 197,231 (1820) 223,700 289,000
Augsburg 48,000 21,000 21,000 31,000 28,000 35,000 57,210
Ayutthaya 100,000 125,000 150,000 150,000 30,000
Baltimore 26,514 80,620 (1830) 169,054 299,000
Barcelona 64,000 64,000 73,000 70,000 120,000 120,000 167,000 240,000
Beijing 706,000 470,000 650,000 900,000 1,100,000 1,350,000 1,648,000 1,310,000
Berlin 25,000 12,000 55,000 113,289 172,132 220,277 446,000 1,045,000
Birmingham 2,000 4,000 7,000 23,688 73,670 (1801) 122,000 294,000 480,000
Bombay 100,000 163,000 (1826) 718,000
Bordeaux 40,000 40,000 50,000 67,000 88,000 142,000 225,000
Boston 6,700 20,000 35,248 61,392 (1830) 202,261 450,000
Breslau (Wrocław) 33,000–40,000 37,000 40,000 52,000 64,520 89,500 (1831) 114,000 239,050
Bristol 10,549 15,000-20,000 25,000 43,275 62,452 94,180 137,528 206,874 (1881)
Brussels 55,000 70,000 70,000 55,000–60,000 66,297 208,000–251,000 327,000
Bucharest 60,000 50,000 25,000 34,000 104,000 177,646 (1878)
Budapest 25,000 24,000 54,000 156,506 325,000
Cairo 200,000 350,000 350,000 300,000 210,960 257,783 267,160 345,028
Calcutta 200,000 230,000 (1822) 680,000
Chicago 100 (1830) 29,963 405,000
Cologne 40,000 45,000 42,000 43,000 42,000 59,049 94,781 (1849) 135,371
Copenhagen 40,000 29,000 62,000 93,000 101,000 108,000 150,000 241,000
Danzig 50,000 70,000 50,000 46,000 40,000 61,900 65,000 90,500 (1874)
Delhi 200,000 500,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 156,000 154,417 (1872)
Dhaka 200,000 200,000 200,000 135,000 110,000 66,989 (1830) 60,617 51,536 (1869)
Dresden 14,793 (1603) 16,000 (1648) 21,298 (1699) 63,209 (1755) 61,794 61,886 (1830) 94,092 (1849) 197,295
Dublin 5,000 17,000 60,000–80,000 90,000–128,570 (1753) 167,899 (1802) 194,000 263,000 310,000
Edinburgh 35,000 55,000 82,000 145,000 194,000 274,000
Edo (Tokyo) 60,000 430,000 688,000 509,000 685,000 530,000 567,000 780,000
Esfahān 125,000 350,000 350,000 60,000 50,000 60,000 76,088 (1870)
Genoa 71,000 90,000 80,000 87,000 91,000 83,569 (1822) 100,696 130,269 (1872)
Glasgow 7,000 14,000 14,000 23,500 77,000 170,000 346,000 635,000
Guangzhou 180,000 200,000 200,000 400,000 800,000 900,000 875,000 944,000
Hangzhou 270,000 281,000 303,000 340,000 387,000 410,000 700,000 50,000 (1864)
Hanoi 40,000 100,000 100,000 75,000 81,000 51,000 255,000
Huế 60,000 50,325
Ho Chi Minh City/Saigon 24,000 50,000 50,000 180,661 (1902)
Hyderabad 80,000 90,000 200,000 225,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 350,000
Iași (Jassy) 20,000 20,000 50,000 72,000 (1877)
Constantinople/Istanbul 400,000–700,000 700,000 600,000–700,000 625,000 570,000 675,000 785,000 827,750 (1874)
Hamburg 40,000 75,000 70,000 75,000–90,000 130,000 124,838 (1830) 193,000 348,000
Kagoshima 50,000 51,000 57,000 67,000 72,350 72,000 89,374 (1873)
Kanazawa 50,000 55,106 67,000 78,000 97,000 103,000 116,000 109,685 (1873)
Kyoto 300,000 350,000 350,000 362,000 377,000 350,000 323,000 238,663 (1873)
Königsberg 40,000 (1663) 40,600 (1708) 60,000 59,000 67,125 79,887 (1852) 122,636
Lahore 350,000 200,000 94,000 99,000 (1872)
Leipzig 20,000 14,000 (1648) 15,653 (1699) 35,000 32,146 41,506 62,374 (1849) 209,000
Lisbon 110,000 165,000 (1639) 188,000 148,000–213,000 180,000–237,000 249,000 240,000–259,000 235,000 (1870)
Liverpool 5,714 22,000 77,653 (1801) 170,000 375,955 (1851) 650,000
London 200,000 400,000 575,000 675,000 865,000 1,335,000 2,320,000 4,241,000
Lyon 40,000 75,000 97,000 114,000 102,167 (1793) 115,841 (1820) 254,000 331,000
Lübeck 22,570 31,068 19,978 17,644 24,631 25,600 26,098 44,799
Madras 15,000 55,000 125,000 172,000 310,000 400,000
Madrid 49,000 130,000 110,000 109,000 167,000 181,400 (1826) 263,000 407,000
Manchester 5,000 9,000 18,000 70,000 155,000 412,000 590,000
Marseille 40,000 66,000 75,000 68,000 78,000 119,000 193,000 316,000
Mexico City 75,000 90,000 100,000 110,000 128,000 176,000 170,000 250,000
Milan 120,000 100,000 124,000 123,618 134,528 168,000 193,000 277,000
Moscow 80,000 200,000 (1638) 130,000 130,000–161,000 238,000 241,500 373,800 601,969 (1871)
Munich 20,000 10,000 21,000 32,000 34,000 62,290 96,398 198,000
Nagoya 65,000 65,000 96,000 92,000 116,000 125,193 (1873)
Nanjing 194,000 178,000 300,000 285,000 220,000 200,000 300,000
Naples 400,000 176,000 216,000 305,000 427,000 350,000 413,000–416,000 450,000
New Orleans 8,056 46,082 (1830) 116,375 210,000
New York City 4,436 (1703) 13,296 (1749) 63,000 170,000 682,000 1,900,000
Nuremberg 40,000 25,000 40,000 30,000 27,000 54,000 91,017
Osaka 200,000–360,000 220,000 350,000–380,000 400,000 (1749) 383,000–500,000 (1783) 340,000 300,000 320,000
Palermo 105,000 128,000 100,000 118,000 139,000 168,000 182,000 219,000
Paris 220,000 430,000 510,000 576,000 581,000 855,000 1,314,000 2,250,000
Philadelphia 4,400 14,563 (1753) 68,200 138,000 426,221 791,000
Prague 60,000 25,000 39,000 58,000 77,403 98,000 117,000 223,371 (1869)
Rio de Janeiro 20,000 29,000 44,000 166,419 274,000
Rome 105,000 124,000 138,000 156,000 163,000 138,000 170,000 252,000
Rouen 60,000 82,000 64,000 67,000 81,000 92,083 (1836) 104,142 (1851) 104,902 (1876)
Saint Petersburg 138,000 220,200 438,000 502,000 764,000
Seoul 150,000 158,000 187,000 190,000 192,000 194,000
Seville 121,000 (1597) 65,000 96,000 66,000 96,000 75,000 (1820) 106,000 133,247 (1877)
Shanghai 45,000 60,000 100,000 115,000 250,000 400,000
Sunpu 100,000 31,555 (1873)
St. Louis 925 (1799) 4,977 (1830) 77,860 338,000
Suzhou 175,000 145,000 245,000 302,000 243,000 302,000 550,000 250,000
Turin 24,000 37,000 42,000 57,000 82,000 109,000 138,000 216,000
Warsaw 35,000 21,000 28,000 75,000 124,000 163,000 311,000
Venice 139,000 120,000 138,000 149,000 138,000 109,927 106,000 129,676
Vienna 50,000 60,000 114,000 175,400 231,000 401,200 551,300 1,020,770
Xi'an 138,000 147,000 167,000 195,000 224,000 259,000 275,000 250,000
Yamaguchi 80,000

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dobrovody and Maydanets Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.).[full citation needed]
  2. ^ a b c d Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33-34).[full citation needed]
  3. ^ Chandler listed Thebes, Haoqing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 B.C. (p. 541).[full citation needed]
  4. ^ When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541-542).[full citation needed]
  5. ^ Haoqing, the capital of Western Zhou, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Sung and Tang dynasties as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an.

Citations

  1. ^ Rosenberg, Matt (November 4, 2019). "Largest Cities Throughout History". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  2. ^ a b c Berezkin, Yuri E. "Apa Tanis and the Ancient Near East - an alternative model of complex society" (PDF). The Development of Urbanism from a Global Perspective. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm Morris, Ian. "Social Development" (PDF). Ianmorris.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  4. ^ "Jericho and Catal Huyuk". Bruceowen.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  5. ^ "Choirokoitia". World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  6. ^ Cyprus, p. 25, at Google Books
  7. ^ Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps, p. 137, at Google Books
  8. ^ Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages, p. 161, at Google Books
  9. ^ Cyprus, p. 23, at Google Books
  10. ^ The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, p. 8, at Google Books
  11. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia at Google Books
  12. ^ Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter, Bind 21, p. 27, at Google Books
  13. ^ Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction, p. 163, at Google Books
  14. ^ The Oneness Revealed, p. 63, at Google Books
  15. ^ The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers, p. 523, at Google Books
  16. ^ Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, p. 123, at Google Books
  17. ^ Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones, p. 177, at Google Books
  18. ^ European Prehistory: A Survey, p. 182, at Google Books
  19. ^ Müller, Johannes; Rassmann, Knut; Videiko, Mykhailo (January 22, 2016). Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory: 4100-3400 BCE. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-24792-0.
  20. ^ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia". Ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  21. ^ "Archaeological Exhibitions". Duncancaldwell.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  22. ^ The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D., p. 58, at Google Books
  23. ^ Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide, p. 146, at Google Books
  24. ^ Early Aegean Warrior 5000–1450 BC, p. 90, at Google Books
  25. ^ "Lesson 2: The Neolithic Cultures of Thessaly, Crete, and the Cyclades". Trustees of Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
  26. ^ a b c d e Thomas K Harper. "The effect of climatic variability on population dynamics of the CucuteniTripolye cultural complex and the rise of the Western Tripolye giant-settlements" (PDF). IChronikajournal.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  27. ^ Л.Панченко. Паланка (історико-краєзнавчий нарис). Умань. 2003 ISBN 966-7659-30-5
  28. ^ Шмаглій М. М., Дудкін В. П. Зіньковський К. В. Про комплексне вивчення трипільських поселень. Археологія № 10. Київ. 1973
  29. ^ А.І.Кузьмінський, Г. В. Суховершко, В. Я. Чудновський. Наш рідний край. Хрестоматія з історії Черкащини. Київ. 1993
  30. ^ Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (2005). The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 9788120820371. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  31. ^ "High precision Tripolye settlement plans, demographic estimations and settlement organization".
  32. ^ Philip L. Kohl (January 22, 2007). The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46199-3. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  33. ^ Christoph Baumer (December 11, 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78076-060-5. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  34. ^ "The Trypillian culture. Introduction". Trypillian Civilization 5400 - 2750 BC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
  35. ^ "Trypilia". The Anthropogene. December 9, 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-10-08.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd Modelski, George (July 10, 1997). "CITIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD: AN INVENTORY (-3500 TO -1200)". The Evolutionary World Politics Homepage. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
  37. ^ a b Alam, Muzaffar. "India | history – geography". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg Modelski, George (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington, D.C.: Faros 2000. ISBN 9780967623016.
  39. ^ Adamantios Sampson (1986). "The Early Helladic graves of Manika: Contribution to the socioeconomic conditions of the Early Bronze Age". In Robert Laffineur (ed.). Les coutumes funeraires en Egee a l' age du bronze. Université de Liège. pp. 20–28. Retrieved 2021-07-20. The Early Helladic graves of Manika: Contribution to the socioeconomic conditions of the Early Bronze Age at the Wayback Machine (archived 2016-03-04)
  40. ^ Old World Archaeology Newsletter. 1988. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  41. ^ Anthropologie. 2001. Retrieved 2015-06-20.[full citation needed]
  42. ^ Erika Weiberg (2007). Thinking the Bronze Age (PDF). Stockholm: Elanders Gotab. ISBN 978-91-554-6782-1. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  43. ^ John Bintliff (March 19, 2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th ... Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-25519-3. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  44. ^ "Archaeological Site of Manika". Greek Travel Pages. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  45. ^ a b c d e f MacSweeney, Naoise (November 15, 2004). "Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. Pia-journal.co.uk. 15. doi:10.5334/pia.225. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  46. ^ a b Assaf Yasur-Landau (April 26, 2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48587-6. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  47. ^ a b Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-02-2. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  48. ^ a b c d Rodney Castleden (January 4, 2002). Atlantis Destroyed. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-70879-6. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  49. ^ Charles Freeman (March 13, 2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-150970-4. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  50. ^ Ian Thornton (March 19, 2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46231-0. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  51. ^ Robert Kupp (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5003-6. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  52. ^ "Fast Facts". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  53. ^ Peter Francis (1993). Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854452-4. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  54. ^ Hârun Yahya (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World. Global Yayincilik. ISBN 978-1-897940-99-0. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  55. ^ Iain Stewart (August 31, 2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-4942-1. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. St. David's University Press. ISBN 0-88946-207-0. Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  57. ^ Rodney Castleden (October 12, 2012). The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-96785-8. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  58. ^ Rodney Castleden (January 4, 2002). Minoan Life in Bronze Age Crete. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-88064-5. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  59. ^ Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (November 5, 2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-25958-8. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  60. ^ Steven Mithen (November 26, 2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-07219-0. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  61. ^ John William Humphrey (2006). Ancient Technology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32763-6. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  62. ^ a b Denemark, Robert A.; Friedman, Jonathan; Gills, Barry K.; Modelski, George (September 26, 2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-57144-5. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  63. ^ Glenn Storey (April 30, 2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  64. ^ a b c Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  65. ^ a b c Rodney Castleden (2001). Minoans: Life in bronze Age Crete. Taylor & Francis e-Library. ISBN 0-203-13581-4. Retrieved 2021-07-20 – via Academia.edu.
  66. ^ Donald Jones. "Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8". Archived from the original on 2016-01-16. Retrieved 2015-06-20 – via Academia.edu.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD". Archived from the original (TXT) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  68. ^ a b c d e f Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 200. ISBN 9782760522091.
  69. ^ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew". Abuss.narod.ru. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  70. ^ Cyphers, Ann. "San Lorenzo". In Kathleen Berrin; Virginia M. Fields (eds.). OLMEC: Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico. New Haven and London: Yale University Press – via Academia.edu.
  71. ^ a b Kelder, Jorrit (2005). "Greece during the Late Bronze Age". Jaarbericht. Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (39). Retrieved 2015-06-20 – via Academia.edu.
  72. ^ Jaarbericht. 2006. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  73. ^ Carol G. Thomas, Craig Conant (August 25, 2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00325-6. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  74. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (March 29, 2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199545568.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Morris, Ian (December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  76. ^ a b c d e Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  77. ^ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography. Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895.
  78. ^ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0.
  79. ^ Troy Dora P. Crouch (1993). Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-19-535943-5.
  80. ^ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism. L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-55652-048-8.
  81. ^ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History. Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-28751-0.
  82. ^ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-34046-2.
  83. ^ a b de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-107-01318-6.
  84. ^ a b Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-38787-3.
  85. ^ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29126-2.
  86. ^ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia (2001). Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti (ed.). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124.
  87. ^ a b c d e f The Etruscan World, p. 1774, at Google Books
  88. ^ a b c d e f An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Del 1330, p. 54, at Google Books
  89. ^ A Short History of the World, p. 110, at Google Books
  90. ^ Jarde, A. (November 14, 2013). The Formation of the Greek People. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19586-0.
  91. ^ a b c d "Etruscan Studies" (PDF). Journal of the Etruscan Foundation. Scholarworks.mass.edu. 8. 2008. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  92. ^ a b c d e Production, consumption and society in north Etruria during the archaic and classical periods, p. 224, at Google Books by Hilary Wills Becker.
  93. ^ Jaarbericht. Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux. 2006.
  94. ^ Buck, Robert J. (1979). A History of Boeotia. University of Alberta. ISBN 978-0-88864-051-2.
  95. ^ Henry Fynes Clinton (1851). An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. Oxford: University Press. p. 278.
  96. ^ a b Fulminante, Francesca (February 10, 2014). The Urbanisation of Rome and Latium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-107-65584-3.
  97. ^ a b c Ward, Lorne H. (January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. doi:10.2307/295257. JSTOR 295257.
  98. ^ a b Cyphers, Ann (2007). "Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Del Ojochi al Nacaste". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 87: 36–42.
  99. ^ Nielsen, Thomas Heine (January 1, 2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08438-3.
  100. ^ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-82327-5.
  101. ^ Glenn Storey (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
  102. ^ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385091879.
  103. ^ Sage, Michael (June 1, 2002). Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN 9781134763320.
  104. ^ Fronda 2010, p. 29.
  105. ^ a b Wilson 2011, p. 186.
  106. ^ a b c d e Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-107-49556-2.
  107. ^ a b c d e f Wilson 2011, p. 190.
  108. ^ a b c d Wilson 2011, p. 191.
  109. ^ de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-32208-9.
  110. ^ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective. Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-323-14402-5.
  111. ^ a b c d Wilson 2011, p. 188.
  112. ^ a b Fischer, Svante; Lejdegård, Hans; Victor, Helena. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind". In Paul J.J. Sinclair; Gullög Nordquist; Frands Herschend; Christian Isendahl (eds.). The Urban Mind: Cultural and Environmental Dynamics. pp. 277–294. Retrieved 2014-09-24 – via Academia.edu.
  113. ^ a b c d Wilson 2011, p. 182.
  114. ^ a b Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1.
  115. ^ a b Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-19-976835-6.
  116. ^ a b c Wilson 2011, p. 184.
  117. ^ zh:汉书
  118. ^ Friesen, Steve; Schowalter, Daniel N.; Walters, James (June 14, 2010). Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004181977.
  119. ^ a b c d e f Wilson 2011, p. 189.
  120. ^ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-134-12975-1.
  121. ^ a b Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN 9789004180079.
  122. ^ a b "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF). September 29, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-24. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  123. ^ "El Mirador, the Lost City of the Maya".
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h Schlingloff, Dieter (2013). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-331-3. JSTOR j.ctt1gxpb6n.
  125. ^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". demographia.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
  126. ^ a b Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4.
  127. ^ a b Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 266. ISBN 9782760522091.
  128. ^ a b Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000. OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-19-956273-2.
  129. ^ Morley, Neville (December 19, 2002). Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC-AD 200. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893312.
  130. ^ a b c d e Marcus, Joyce; Flannery, Kent V. (1996). Zapotec civilization : how urban society evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05078-3. OCLC 34409496.
  131. ^ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture. Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8014-9245-7.
  132. ^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-63951-7.
  133. ^ Russell, Josiah Cox (January 1, 1958). Late Ancient and Medieval Population. American Philosophical Society.
  134. ^ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-520-08429-2.
  135. ^ Bock, Darrell L. (July 1, 2002). Studying the Historical Jesus: A Guide to Sources and Methods. Baker Academic. ISBN 9780801024511.
  136. ^ Richard M. Berthold (1984). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801475979.
  137. ^ Beck, Hans (January 31, 2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government. Wiley. ISBN 9781118303184. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  138. ^ Keith Roberts (August 13, 2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231526852. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  139. ^ a b Wilson 2011, p. 183.
  140. ^ a b "Teotihuacan: Introduction". Archaeology of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  141. ^ "Tikal, Mayan City". HistoryWiz.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  142. ^ Gibbon, Edward (December 12, 2002). History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire -. Palm Digital Media Group. ISBN 9780740816987.
  143. ^ a b c d e f g h Sarah Klassen; et al. (May 7, 2021). "Diachronic modeling of the population within the medieval Greater Angkor Region settlement complex". Science Advances. 7 (19). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.8441K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf8441. PMC 8104873. PMID 33962951.
  144. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 10.
  145. ^ Dyson, Tim (October 18, 2018). "The First Modern People". Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829058.003.0001.
  146. ^ "Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades". History/Medieval Studies 303. Archived from the original on 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2015-07-23.
  147. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Widukind of Corvey (2014). Deeds of the Saxons. Translated by Bernard S. Bachrach; David S. Bachrach. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813226934.
  148. ^ a b c Buringh 2010, p. 73.
  149. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 305.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chandler & Fox 2013, p. 271.
  151. ^ Ford, Anabel (June 30, 2015). The Maya Forest Garden : Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. Nigh, Ronald. Walnut Creek, CA. ISBN 978-1-61132-997-1. OCLC 894750131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  152. ^ Jennings, Justin. (2011). Globalizations and the ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-91862-9. OCLC 692197127.
  153. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 297.
  154. ^ a b Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 113.
  155. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 114.
  156. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 307.
  157. ^ a b Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 115.
  158. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 88.
  159. ^ a b c d Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 89.
  160. ^ Chandler & Fox 2013, p. [page needed].
  161. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wickham 2015, p. 112.
  162. ^ Bachrach, Bernard (February 15, 2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004224100.
  163. ^ Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani Roma nell'altomedioevo. Topografia e urbanistica della citta dal V al X seolo. Rome, 2004. pp. 22-3
  164. ^ a b c d e Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. 10.
  165. ^ "SACRED SITE". Ani, Turkey. Landmarks Foundation. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  166. ^ (in Armenian) Ghafadaryan, Karo. «Անի» [Ani]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1974, vol. i, pp. 407–412.
  167. ^ Benson LV, Berry MS, Jolie EA, Spangler JD, Stahle DW, Hattori EM (2007). "Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (3–4): 336–350. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26..336B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001.
  168. ^ Lipovac, Nenad (December 23, 2010). "Uspon i pad sjevernoameričkih prapovijesnih naseobina; Oblici naselja i struktura američkog jugoistoka" [The rise and decline of North American prehistoric settlements: a search for the meaning of habitat patterns and structures in the Southeast]. Prostor (in Croatian). 18 (2): 268–287. Gale A248659687.
  169. ^ Glenn Hodges, "America's Forgotten City", National Geographic, January 2011.
  170. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 145.
  171. ^ a b Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-00795-3.
  172. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 175.
  173. ^ a b c d Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 98.
  174. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 247.
  175. ^ a b c d e f g M. Ginatempo L. Sandri "L'Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI" Le Lettere 1990
  176. ^ a b c d King, Russell (March 27, 2015). The Industrial Geography of Italy (Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography). Routledge. ISBN 9781317521112.
  177. ^ a b c d e Hohenberg & Lees 2009, p. [page needed].
  178. ^ de Vries, Andre (June 11, 2007). Flanders: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195314939.
  179. ^ a b History of London#Population
  180. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Paul Oldfield (2019). Urban Panegyric and the Transformation of the Medieval City, 1100-1300. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-871773-7.
  181. ^ a b c d e f g Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-691-02910-8.
  182. ^ a b Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000–1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region. OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-927460-4.
  183. ^ a b Bairoch 1988, p. 28.
  184. ^ Chase-Dunn, Christopher; Willard, Christopher; Willard, Alice (April 1, 1994). "Cities in the Central Political/Military Network Since CE 1200: Size Hierarchy and Domination". Comparative Civilizations Review. 30 (30). ProQuest 1311896683.
  185. ^ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-59884-996-7.
  186. ^ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN 978-0-8240-4444-2.
  187. ^ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-89414-7.
  188. ^ Bove & Gauvard 2014, p. 7.
  189. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, p. 350
  190. ^ a b c Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-51738-9.
  191. ^ McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415. Cambridge University Press. p. 811. ISBN 978-0-521-36290-0.
  192. ^ a b Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Lit. p. 196. ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5.
  193. ^ Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-134-63620-4.
  194. ^ Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
  195. ^ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400–1797. Brill. p. 257. ISBN 9789004252523.
  196. ^ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-4128-2445-3.
  197. ^ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-85916-5.
  198. ^ Nicholas, David M. (January 14, 2014). Medieval Flanders. Routledge. ISBN 9781317901549.
  199. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae de Vries 1984, p. 350.
  200. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb de Vries 1984, p. 354.
  201. ^ a b c d e Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 143.
  202. ^ a b c d e f g Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 270.
  203. ^ a b c d e Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 84.
  204. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 125.
  205. ^ Middendorf, 1898.[full citation needed]
  206. ^ Michael Moseley; Kent Day, eds. (1982). Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. University of New Mexico Press.
  207. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 85.
  208. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 189.
  209. ^ Byrne, Joseph P. (January 16, 2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598842548.
  210. ^ Margalit, Harry (February 19, 2016). Energy, Cities and Sustainability: An Historical Approach. Routledge. ISBN 9781317528166.
  211. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p de Vries 1984, p. 348.
  212. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x de Vries 1984, p. 353.
  213. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r de Vries 1984, p. 351.
  214. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 183.
  215. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r de Vries 1984, p. 355.
  216. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 280.
  217. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 92.
  218. ^ a b c d "Demografía de Sevilla en el siglo XVI". Seville University. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  219. ^ Denevan, William M. (1992). The Native population of the Americas in 1492 (2nd ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13433-4. OCLC 648253221.
  220. ^ Smith, Michael E.; Schreiber, Katharina J. (September 1, 2005). "New World States and Empires: Economic and Social Organization". Journal of Archaeological Research. 13 (3): 189–229. doi:10.1007/s10814-005-3106-3. ISSN 1573-7756. S2CID 1383573.
  221. ^ Totten, Samuel (1992). "BOOK REVIEWS". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 6 (4): 430–434. doi:10.1093/hgs/6.4.430. ISSN 8756-6583.
  222. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 265.
  223. ^ Howes, Jennifer; Talbot, Cynthia; Canby, Sheila; Michell, George; Foekema, Gerard; Topsfield, Andrew; Tillotson, Giles; Verghese, Anila; Fritz, John M.; Michell, George; Datta, Sona; Boardman, John (January 2005). "Book Reviews". South Asian Studies. 21 (1): 137–150. doi:10.1080/02666030.2005.9628650. ISSN 0266-6030. S2CID 219697340.
  224. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 329.
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mitchell 1998e, p. 74.
  226. ^ a b Mitchell 1998a, p. 39.
  227. ^ a b The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. 1995.
  228. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 320.
  229. ^ a b "Population statistics: historical demography". Populstat.info. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  230. ^ a b Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 133.
  231. ^ a b c d e de Vries 1984, p. 352.
  232. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 110.
  233. ^ a b Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6.
  234. ^ a b c Latimer 1900.
  235. ^ a b c d e Shannon & Grebenik 1943.
  236. ^ a b c d e f g h Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 166.
  237. ^ Săgeată, Radu (2008). "Bucharest. Geographical and Geopolitical Considerations" (PDF). Romanian Review on Political Geography. 10 (1): 48. ISSN 1582-7763. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  238. ^ a b c d Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 155.
  239. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 196.
  240. ^ Mitchell 1998a, p. 40.
  241. ^ a b c d e de Vries 1984, p. 349.
  242. ^ a b Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 135.
  243. ^ a b c d e Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 327.
  244. ^ a b c d e Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 328.
  245. ^ J. Cunnison; J.B.S. Filfillan, eds. (1958). Third Statistical Account of Scotland GLASGOW. Glasgow: Collins. OCLC 500429383.
  246. ^ a b c d Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 19.
  247. ^ Boudarel, Nguyen & Nguyễn 2002, p. 22.
  248. ^ Annuaire de la Cochinchine française... 1874 – via Gallica.[verification needed]
  249. ^ a b c d e f g Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 251.
  250. ^ Tudose, Mihaela (2017). "Demographic and Social-Economic Evolution of the City of Iași During the First Decades after the Union (1859-1881)". Ioan Neculce: The Bulletin of Moldavia's History Museum. New Series (23): 180. ISSN 1454-0754. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  251. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Mitchell 1998e, p. 75.
  252. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 424. (quoting the Meiji publication 平安通志)
  253. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 321.
  254. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 323.
  255. ^ a b c Mitchell 1998a, p. 41.
  256. ^ a b c d Almanach de Gotha pour l'an 1858
  257. ^ a b c d e f g h i de Vries 1984, p. 356.
  258. ^ a b F. Braudel (1979). Capitalism and Material Life, 1400–1800.
  259. ^ Sansom, George (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 113. Note: These figures exclude military (samurai) population, which could account for a considerable portion of the population.
  260. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 319.
  261. ^ a b c d e f g h de Vries 1984, p. 357.
  262. ^ a b c d e f Mitchell 1998e, p. 76.
  263. ^ Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 120.
  264. ^ a b c Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 164.
  265. ^ Mitchell 1998a, p. 42.
  266. ^ a b c d e Chandler & Fox 1974, p. 159.
  267. ^ Steidl, Annemarie (2003). Auf nach Wien! Die Mobilität des mitteleuropäischen Handwerks im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-7028-0403-X. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
  268. ^ "Statistiken". Statistik.at. Retrieved 2015-06-20.

This page was last updated at 2023-12-06 23:54 UTC. Update now. View original page.

All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


Top

If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari