Jacob Collier

Jacob Collier
Collier in 2016
Collier in 2016
Background information
Birth nameJacob Moriarty
Born (1994-08-02) 2 August 1994 (age 29)
London, England
Genres
Occupation(s)
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • multi-instrumentalist
  • record producer
Instruments
Years active2002–present
Labels
Websitejacobcollier.com

Jacob Collier (/ˈkɒliər/; Moriarty; born 2 August 1994) is an English singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, and educator[citation needed]. His music incorporates a combination of jazz with elements from many other musical genres, and often features extensive use of reharmonisations and close harmony. He is also known for his energetic live performances, in which he often conducts the audience to sing harmony or percussion parts. Collier demonstrates his harmonic expertise in lectures and master classes, particularly with his unique Super-Ultra-Hyper-Mega-Meta-Lydian scale and detailed analyses of songs like Stevie Wonder’s “Sir Duke” and his own music.

In 2013, his split-screen video covers of popular songs, such as Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing", began to go viral on YouTube. In 2014, Collier signed with Quincy Jones's management company and began working on his one-man, audio-visual live performance vehicle, designed and built at the MIT Media Lab by Ben Bloomberg.

In 2016, Collier released his debut album, In My Room, which he recorded, arranged, performed and produced himself in the small back room of his family home in Finchley, North London. In 2017, Collier was awarded Grammy Awards for his arrangements of "Flintstones" and "You and I".

In 2018, Collier began working on Djesse, a four-volume, 50-song album featuring more than two dozen artists and ensembles. The first volume, which features the Metropole Orkest, Djesse Vol. 1, was released in December 2018. The second, Djesse Vol. 2, uses more acoustic instrumentation, and was released in July 2019. In 2020, Collier won Grammy Awards for his arrangements of "All Night Long (All Night)" from Djesse Vol. 1 and "Moon River" from Djesse Vol. 2. In 2021, he won a Grammy Award for "He Won't Hold You" from the third volume, Djesse Vol. 3.

Collier is the first British artist to receive a Grammy Award for each of his first four albums.

Early life

Collier was born on 2 August 1994. He grew up in North London, raised with two younger sisters. His mother, Suzie Collier, is a violinist, conductor, and professor at the Royal Academy of Music's Junior Academy. Collier's maternal grandfather, Derek Collier, was a violinist who also taught at the Royal Academy and performed with orchestras around the world. Jacob has said: "We sing Bach chorales together as family – it's just so much fun." He is partly of Chinese descent, through his maternal grandmother, Lila Wong.

At age 10, Collier portrayed Tiny Tim in the Arthur Allan Seidelman film A Christmas Carol (2004). At the same time, he was also performing as a treble singer in classical roles such as one of the three boys in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Miles in Benjamin Britten's The Turn of the Screw, the latter of which heavily influenced his use and understanding of harmony. Of Britten's harmonic language, he said, "My mind was shattered outwards." He received the ABRSM Gold Medal for the highest mark in the country for his grade eight singing result in 2008.

Collier attended Mill Hill County High School in north London and the Purcell School for Young Musicians in Bushey, Hertfordshire. He briefly studied jazz piano at the Royal Academy.

Career

Early videos

Collier began uploading homemade, multi-instrumental content to YouTube in 2011, releasing a vocal arrangement of "Pure Imagination" from the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, and in 2013, a multi-instrumental rendition of Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing". Collier's uploads used split screen, multitrack recordings of Collier singing each of the arrangement's harmonies. These videos gained solid traction, with some videos—such as the aforementioned "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing" cover—receiving millions of views. His activity caught the attention of Quincy Jones, who flew Collier to the Montreux Jazz Festival where they met with Herbie Hancock.

Around this time, Ben Bloomberg, a PhD student at the MIT Media Lab, contacted Collier regarding the creation and development of musical hardware and software for live performance. Over the following months, he and Collier constructed a "multimedia live experience".

In 2015, Collier launched a live show, touring Europe and the US. The performance featured a circle of musical instruments, with six simultaneous looping stations capable of simultaneous playback, backed by synced real-time 3D-captured video loops, projected onto a screen behind the instruments, courtesy of Louis Mustill and William Young of Artists and Engineers. Central to the show was a custom-built vocal "Harmonizer" instrument that Collier designed and created with Bloomberg, which enabled Collier to perform multi-voice harmonies in real-time. The show debuted at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. A few weeks later, Collier opened for Hancock and Chick Corea at the 2015 Montreux Jazz Festival.

2015–2018: In My Room, World Tour, and #IHarmU

In July 2015, Beats by Dr. Dre reached out to Collier to provide the music for 'The Game Starts Here' England Rugby World Cup campaign. Collier recorded an a cappella version of the hymn "Jerusalem" for the commercial, which aired on national television before each England match.

Jacob Collier's live solo show in 2015

In late 2015, Collier began preparing his debut album In My Room, after performing with WDR Big Band in a concert in Cologne, Germany. He arranged, recorded and produced the album himself, playing every instrument. He wrote eight of the eleven tunes. He recorded and mixed the album over three months in the music room of his family home. It was mastered by Bernie Grundman, and released on 1 July 2016 through the independent record label Membran Entertainment Group. Following the release, Collier embarked on a one-man world tour including the 2016 Montreux Jazz Festival.

In anticipation of the release, Collier launched the "#IHarmU" campaign through Patreon, where 100 patrons sent him 15-second video clips of melodies, which he harmonised with multiple vocal parts with his multi-screen layout, and uploaded to social media. Collier received more than 130 melodies and donations, including from British jazz artist Jamie Cullum, Ben Folds, Herbie Hancock, and Kevin Olusola of the a cappella group Pentatonix, arranging "White Christmas" for them, which appeared on A Pentatonix Christmas, which won a Contemporary A Cappella Society award for Best Professional Arrangement for a Non-Scholastic Group.

In February 2016, Collier was featured on Snarky Puppy's album, Family Dinner – Volume 2, playing "Don't You Know." On 22 August, Collier took part in a Quincy Jones tribute concert at the BBC Proms in the Royal Albert Hall in London, in which he performed his own orchestral arrangement of his original song "In The Real Early Morning" with the Metropole Orkest, conducted by Jules Buckley, among other songs.

In December 2016, Collier collaborated with 150 students at MIT to produce a 10 December live concert in Kresge Auditorium titled "Imagination Off the Charts", playing alongside orchestral arrangements of his repertoire. This residency was the subject of a documentary film, Imagination Off The Charts, which won a regional Emmy in June 2018.

In February 2017, Collier won two Grammy Awards: Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella for the Stevie Wonder song "You and I" and Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals for a cover of "Flintstones". One month later he made his US television debut on The Tavis Smiley Show performing a rendition of "You And I" with jazz-gospel a cappella group Take 6. That year Collier recomposed Samsung's signature ringtone, "Over The Horizon", for the new Samsung Galaxy S8/S8+, and was co-producer on two songs from Becca Stevens album, Regina. Collier helped score DreamWorks' film The Boss Baby with composer Hans Zimmer. The following month, Collier performed with Zimmer and Pharrell Williams at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. In April, Collier was a guest on the daily weekday talk show Harry, and a speaker at the annual TED conference in Vancouver, Canada. On 10 November 2017, the album Jazz Loves Disney 2, on which Collier performs a cover of "Under the Sea", was released.

Collier toured internationally for two and a half years (between 1 July 2015 and 18 December 2017), while hosting masterclasses and performances with orchestras and big bands around the world, including the Metropole Orkest. On 9 July, he and Cory Henry performed again with the Metropole Orkest and Jules Buckley at the North Sea Jazz Festival. In December 2017, Collier collaborated with American Pop/R&B singer Tori Kelly to record an a cappella YouTube video cover of the Christmas song "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas".

In December 2017, Collier announced that the One-Man-Show's final performance would be in Rome on 18 December 2017. He discussed plans for a second album, to be recorded in 2018.

In July 2018, Collier was one of the surprise guests at Quincy Jones's 85th birthday party celebrations, at the Montreux Jazz Club.

On 19 July, "Jacob Collier and Friends" took the stage for a special concert as part of the BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Collier performed alongside the Metropole Orkest under conductor Jules Buckley, and invited Take 6, Sam Amidon, Becca Stevens, and Maalem Gnawa musician Hamid El Kasri.

2018–present: Djesse

On 29 October 2018, Collier announced a new four-volume, 50-song musical project, entitled Djesse.

Following a one-week residency at MIT, Djesse (Vol. 1) premiered live in Kresge Auditorium on 8 December 2018. The concert featured his performance with the MIT JC Orchestra (composed of MIT and Berklee College musicians), MIT Festival Jazz Ensemble, MIT Vocal Jazz Ensemble, MIT Concert Choir and Chamber Chorus, Rambax MIT (Senegalese drumming ensemble), mother Suzie Collier and other guests from Boston and Los Angeles.

The first single of the Djesse project, "With The Love in My Heart", was released on 2 November 2018. Two further singles, "Ocean Wide, Canyon Deep" and "All Night Long", were released in late November. Djesse Vol. 1 was released in full on 7 December. The volume features collaborations with Voces8, Laura Mvula, Hamid El Kasri, Take 6, and his mother, Suzie Collier. The Metropole Orkest appeared on every track. Collier produced, arranged, and orchestrated the music, in addition to singing and playing various instruments.

In January 2019, Collier began the Djesse World Tour backed by a band that included Portuguese singer and multi-instrumentalist MARO, bassist Robin Mullarkey, and drummer Christian Euman. Production work on Djesse Vol.2 was already underway, targeting a mid-summer 2019 album release. New singles were programmed into already sold concerts with the promise of drawing on both volumes for the Australia/New Zealand tour leg, kicking off 30 August 2019 in Melbourne.

The first single from Djesse Vol. 2, "Make Me Cry", was released on 12 April 2019. On 26 April 2019, Collier released the second single from Vol. 2, a cover of The Beatles' song "Here Comes The Sun" in collaboration with Dodie Clark. The third Vol. 2 single was released on 13 June, an a cappella arrangement of "Moon River" by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer with over a hundred vocal contributions from family members, mentors, friends, and other collaborators. The fourth and final single from Djesse Vol. 2, "It Don't Matter", featuring vocals of American singer-songwriter JoJo, was released on 5 July.[citation needed]

Djesse Vol. 2 was released on 19 July 2019, featuring cover artwork by Astrig Akseralian and further musical collaborations with Lianne La Havas, Oumou Sangaré, Chris Thile, Sam Amidon, Steve Vai, Kathryn Tickell, Becca Stevens, and MARO.

Djesse Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 each won a Grammy award at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, for "All Night Long (feat. Take 6)" and "Moon River".

On 29 November 2019, Collier released the first single from Djesse Vol. 3, "Time Alone With You", in collaboration with Daniel Caesar. The video premiered on YouTube on 5 December. As of 2022, it was Collier's most viewed non-live performance video on the platform.[citation needed]

In November 2019, Collier appeared on Coldplay's eighth studio album, Everyday Life, providing backing vocals for the tracks "Cry, Cry, Cry", "Everyday Life", and "Church".

Collier was scheduled to continue touring in 2020, before the tour was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.。

On 25 March 2020, Collier released the second single from Djesse Vol. 3, "In My Bones". Three further singles, "All I Need", "He Won't Hold You", and "Running Outta Love", were released later that year, leading up to the release of the album. Djesse Vol. 3 was released in full on 14 August 2020. The album features collaborations with Jessie Reyez, T-Pain, Kimbra, Tank and the Bangas, Daniel Caesar, Mahalia, Ty Dolla $ign, Kiana Ledé, Tori Kelly, and Rapsody.

In the weeks leading up to and following the release of Djesse Vol. 3, Collier performed songs from the album on various TV and radio shows. This included performances of "All I Need" with Mahalia and Ty Dolla $ign on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and with Mahalia on Later... with Jools Holland; a performance of "Running Outta Love" with Tori Kelly on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert; and a three-song set for a Tiny Desk Concert, performed from Collier's home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Later, on 13 January 2021, Collier and Mahalia performed "All I Need" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. On 26 January 2021, Collier performed "Sleeping On My Dreams" on The Late Late Show with James Corden.

On 20 November 2020, Collier released an a capella arrangement of "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)". A week later, he released the book Songs of Jacob Collier, which includes arrangements for solo piano and voice of 19 of his songs. It was arranged by Collier and June Lee, with editing done by Lee and Nahre Sol.[citation needed]

On December 25, 2020, SZA released her single "Good Days", which was written alongside Collier, who also provided background vocals. The song peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it SZA's first top-ten single as a solo artist.

On 1 January 2021, Collier released a voice memo recording of an original song, "The Sun Is In Your Eyes". A studio recording attempt was disregarded in favour of the original phone recording. Another version of the song premiered in a TED Connects livestream on 10 April 2020.

At the 2021 Grammy Awards, Djesse Vol. 3 was nominated for the Album of the Year, with the award going to Taylor Swift's Folklore; "All I Need" was nominated for the Best R&B Performance; and "He Won’t Hold You" won the Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals. With this award, Collier became the first British artist to win a Grammy Award for each of his first four albums.

On 24 September 2021, Coldplay and BTS released their single "My Universe", to which Collier contributed background vocals. The track would later debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on 4 October 2021. "My Universe" is featured on Coldplay's ninth studio album Music of the Spheres. The album also features the track "Human Heart", which Collier appears on.

Jacob Collier at Wembley Stadium, 16th August 2022.

On 25 March 2022, Collier appeared in Olivia Rodrigo's documentary film on Disney+ Olivia Rodrigo: Driving Home 2 U as one of the special guests.

At the 2022 Grammy Awards, Collier was nominated in two categories: Best R&B Song for "Good Days" where he featured alongside SZA and Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals for his "Christmas Song".

On 2 May 2022, Collier was the subject of Alan Yentob's BBC One television documentary series Imagine..., in the episode Jacob Collier: In the Room Where It Happens.

On 10 June 2022, Collier released his first new song of 2022, "Never Gonna Be Alone", which features Lizzy McAlpine on vocals, with whom the song was co-written, alongside John Mayer on guitar. Regarding the track, Collier said "It speaks to my experience of the world as a hugely beautiful and fragile place", adding that the song "has helped me process some of the grief I think we're all feeling for our pasts and futures, in a myriad of different ways".

On 29 September 2022, Collier released his first live album, Piano Ballads (Live From The Djesse World Tour 2022). The album includes 11 covers largely improvised by Collier on stage while performing on his 2022 tour, many of which involve a spontaneous audience choir. While most songs are credited to Collier alone, Alita Moses is featured on the cover of Dancing Queen and Stian Carstensen is featured on the cover of Tennessee Waltz.

Collier collaborated with British rapper Stormzy in 2022 on his album This Is What I Mean.

Collier has received two nominations across two categories as part of the upcoming 65th Grammy Awards; ‘Best Arrangement, Instruments And Vocals’ for his single “Never Gonna Be Alone (feat. Lizzy McAlpine & John Mayer)” and ‘Album Of The Year’ for his featured artist, producer, songwriter and engineering contributions to Coldplay’s Music of The Spheres.

Collier performed a medley of Human Heart and Fix You with Coldplay on Saturday Night Live, Season 48 Episode 12.

On July 14th 2023, Collier released 'WELLLL', a guitar-driven song, written with Remi Wolf, and featuring the sound of his custom 5-string Strandberg electric guitar. The follow-up single to the 2022 Grammy Nominated single "Never Gonna Be Alone", was released alongside the announcement of his collaboration with global footwear brand Crocs, which saw him launch a limited edition Jacob Collier designed Croc clog model.

On 20 September 2023, Collier announced that Djesse Vol. 4 would be released the following February. The next day, he released "Little Blue" featuring Brandi Carlile, the second single off the album.

The fourth single, "Wherever I Go", features Lawrence and Michael McDonald and was released on 27 October 2023.

The fifth single, "Witness Me", was released on 21 November 2023 and features Shawn Mendes, Stormzy, and Kirk Franklin.

The sixth single, "Mi Corazón", featuring Camilo, was released on 19 January 2024. A music video, also featuring Camilo, was released the same day along with the full Djesse Vol 4 track list announcement.

Musical style and influences

Coming from a family of musicians, Collier was introduced to music at a very early age. With the support of his mother, he learned to play various instruments and became acquainted with an array of musical concepts. His recording career began in his family home, in a room filled with instruments, where his mother used to teach violin lessons.[citation needed] There, he recorded himself singing and playing instruments – primarily covers of jazz standards or pop songs – using a split screen recording technique to visualize his vocals, which he uploaded to YouTube.[citation needed] These recordings often featured use of reharmonisation, close harmony, dissonance, microtonality and polyrhythms.

His more recent releases, that were uploaded to streaming services as well, commonly feature rather unconventional musical elements such as microtonality, complex chords and progressions, as well as sudden key- and time signature changes. His style blends classical music with modern jazz approaches, pop and R&B and experimental music as well as synthwave.

He remains notable for his extensive vocal harmonies, praised and diverse discography and collaborations with other big artists, such as Coldplay.

Discography

Studio albums

List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions
Title Album details Peak chart positions
US
Heat.

US
Indie

US
Cont.
Jazz

US
Jazz

US
Classical

US
Classical Cross.

US
Folk Sales

In My Room
  • Released: 1 July 2016
  • Label: Membran
  • Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming
10 50 1 3
Djesse Vol. 1 (with the Metropole Orkest conducted by Jules Buckley)
  • Released: 7 December 2018
  • Label: Hajanga, Geffen, Decca
  • Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming
14 1 6 6 6
Djesse Vol. 2
  • Released: 19 July 2019
  • Label: Hajanga, Geffen, Decca
  • Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming
18
Djesse Vol. 3
  • Released: 14 August 2020
  • Label: Hajanga
  • Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming
Djesse Vol. 4
  • Released: 29 February 2024
  • Label: Hajanga
  • Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming
"—" denotes items which were not released in that country or failed to chart.

Live albums

List of live albums, with selected details
Title Details
Piano Ballads (Live from the Djesse World Tour 2022)
  • Released: 29 September 2022
  • Label: Decca
  • Format: Digital download, streaming

Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected details
Title Details
Jacobean Essentials
  • Released: 18 December 2020
  • Label: Hajanga
  • Format: Digital download, streaming
Jacobean Chill
  • Released: 25 December 2020
  • Label: Hajanga
  • Formats: Digital download, streaming

Non-album singles

Title Year Writer(s) Ref.
"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing" 2013 Stevie Wonder
"Fascinating Rhythm" 2014 George Gershwin,
Ira Gershwin (lyrics)
"Close to You" Burt Bacharach,
Hal David
"One Day"
(performed with Nikki Yanofsky)
2015 Jacob Collier,
Nikki Yanofsky
"Jerusalem" Hubert Parry,
William Blake (poem)
"In the Bleak Midwinter" 2016 Harold Darke,
Christina Rossetti (poem)
"Bathtub"
(featuring Becca Stevens)
2017 Jacob Collier,
Becca Stevens
"I Love Being Here With You" (Soundtrack for the All-New Electric Fiat 500 campaign) 2020 Bill Schluger,
Peggy Lee
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)" Mel Tormé,
Robert Wells
"The Sun Is In Your Eyes" 2021 Jacob Collier
"Flow Freely" (From the Film "Reflection: A Walk with Water")
(with Justin Kauflin)
Jacob Collier, Justin Kauflin
"Fix You" (Live for There With Care) Chris Martin,
Guy Berryman,
Jonathan Buckland,
Will Champion
"Never Gonna Be Alone"
(featuring John Mayer and Lizzy McAlpine)
2022 Jacob Collier, Lizzy McAlpine
"WELLLL"
2023 Jacob Collier, Remi Wolf
"Witness Me"
(featuring Shawn Mendes, Stormzy and Kirk Franklin)

Guest appearances

Title Year Other artist(s) Album Ref. Notes
"For the Longest Time" 2015 Natalie Williams Kaleidoscope
"Don't You Know" 2016 Snarky Puppy, Big Ed Lee Family Dinner – Volume 2
"Señor Blues" Dominick Farinacci Short Stories
"Somebody That I Used to Know"
"Tomorrow (A Better You, a Better Me)" John Aram, Rootwords, The Children of the International School of Geneva
"Both Still Here" 2017 Becca Stevens Regina
"As"
"She's Gotta Be Somewhere" (Backing vocals) David Crosby Sky Trails
"Silent Night" Justin Kauflin Silent Night
"Restore the Feeling" 2019 Daniel Caesar, Sean Leon Case Study 01
"Church" (Backing vocals) Coldplay Everyday Life Also co-writer
"Cry Cry Cry" (Backing vocals)
"Everyday Life" (Backing vocals)
"Slow Burn" 2020 Becca Stevens Wonderbloom
"Noelle" JoJo December Baby
"Good Days" (Backing vocals) SZA SOS Also co-writer
"If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out" 2021 James Marsden, Ariana Greenblatt The Boss Baby: Family Business (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
"Independent Girl" Jonah Nilsson Now Or Never
"Altar" (Backing vocals) Kehlani Blue Water Road Also co-writer
"My Universe" (Backing vocals) Coldplay, BTS Music of the Spheres
"Human Heart" Coldplay, We Are King
"erase me" Lizzy McAlpine five seconds flat
"Old Memories (Unlocked)" (Backing vocals and piano) Alicia Keys Keys Also co-writer
"Thalamus Canticum" Stian Carstensen Musical Sanatorium
"Where Do We All Go" (Backing vocals) 2022 Tank and the Bangas Red Balloon Also co-writer, co-composer

Acting and opera credits

Film

As Jacob Moriarty
Year Title Role Notes
2004 A Christmas Carol Tiny Tim
2005 The Best Man Olly Aged 10

Television

As Jacob Moriarty
Year Title Role Notes
2006 The Virgin Queen Little Boy Episode 1

Opera

As Jacob Moriarty
Year Production Role Theatre Ref(s)
2002 Wozzeck Child Royal Opera House
2007 The Magic Flute First Boy London Coliseum
The Turn of the Screw Miles

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

Year Category Work Result Ref
2017 Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals "Flintstones" Won
Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella "You and I"
2020 Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals "All Night Long" Won
Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella "Moon River"
2021 Album of the Year Djesse Vol. 3 Nominated
Best R&B Performance "All I Need" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign & Mahalia)
Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals "He Won't Hold You" Won
2022 Best R&B Song "Good Days" (with Solána Rowe, Carlos Núñez Muñoz, Carter Lang, and Christopher Ruelas) Nominated
Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)"
2023 Album of the Year Music of the Spheres (by Coldplay) Nominated
Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals "Never Gonna Be Alone"
2024 Best Arrangement, Instruments and Vocals "In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" (with Erin Bentlage, Sara Gazarek, Johnaye Kendrick & Amanda Taylor) Pending

Jazz FM Awards

Year Category Result Ref
2016 Breakout Artist of the Year Nominated
Digital Initiative of the Year (Sponsored by 7digital) Won
2019 PRS For Music Gold Award
2020 The Digital Award Nominated

MOBO Awards

Year Category Result Ref
2016 Best JAZZ Act Nominated

This page was last updated at 2024-01-25 19:14 UTC. Update now. View original page.

All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.


Top

If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari