List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3

A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language. (Some of the Biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic.) The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Codex Leningradensis).

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time, because of the fragility of media, wars, (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temples), and other intentional destructions. As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in 2 volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the Continent. Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts. The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). In the old synagogue in Cairo were discovered 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts. There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before the year 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.

Codex Leningradensis is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd-10th century)

  • Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature
  • Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

Later (11th-17th century)

  • Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
  • Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
  • Scroll 2, dated CE 1155-1255, University of Bologna Library
  • Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century
  • Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th-12th centuries
  • Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)
  • Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
  • Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300-1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.
  • Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.
  • Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
  • Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
  • Al-Ousta Codex, 14th-century. Now at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
  • Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
  • Lisbon Bible, created in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal
  • Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
  • MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
  • Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
  • Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Modern discoveries

  • Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period
  • Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE
  • Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.

Qumran Cave 1

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 1

1QIsaa Great Isaiah Scroll Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24 Hebrew 356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns
1QIsab Isaiah cf. 1Q8 The Book of Isaiah Hebrew Hasmonean/Herodian A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah
1QS Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule" Hebrew cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11
1QpHab Pesher on Habakkuk Habakkuk 1–2 Hebrew Later half of the 1st century BC Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20
1QM Milhamah or War Scroll Hebrew cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?
1QHa Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns Hebrew Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f
1QapGen Genesis Apocryphon Genesis 12:18–15:4 Aramaic 25 BCE–50 CE
CTLevi Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi Aramaic
1QGen Genesis 1Q1 Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24 Hebrew Herodian
1QExod Exodus 1Q2 Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QpaleoLev LeviticusNumbers 1Q3 Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script
1QDeuta Deuteronomy 1Q4 Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QDeutb 1Q5 Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QJudg Judges 1Q6 Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QSam Samuel 1Q7 2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QIsab Isaiah Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8 Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24 Hebrew Herodian
1QEzek Ezekiel Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9 Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QPsa Psalms 1Q10 Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QPsb 1Q11 Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QPsc 1Q12 Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25 Hebrew Herodian
1QPhyl Phylactery 1Q13 Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman 58 fragments from a Phylactery
1QpMic Pesher on Micah 1Q14 Hebrew Herodian
1QpZeph Pesher on Zephaniah 1Q15 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QpPs Pesher on Psalms 1Q16 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QJuba Jubilees 1Q17 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Jubilees
1QJubb 1Q18 Hebrew Hasmonean Jubilees
1QNoah Book of Noah 1Q19 Hebrew Herodian Parts of the lost Book of Noah
1QapGen Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon" 1Q20 Aramaic Herodian
1QTLevi / 1QALD Testament of Levi 1Q21 Aramaic Hasmonean Aramaic Levi Document
1QDM "Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses" 1Q22 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QEnGiantsa Book of Giants 1Q23 Aramaic Hasmonean Enoch
1QEnGiantsb Book of Giants 1Q24 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman Enoch
1Q Apocr.Prophecy "Apocryphal Prophecy" 1Q25 Hebrew Herodian
1Q Instruction "Instruction" 1Q26 Hebrew Hasmonean
1QMyst "The Book of Mysteries" 1Q27 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QS or 1QSa "Rule of the Congregation" 1Q28 (1Q28a) Hebrew Hasmonean Fragment from "Community Rule"
1QSb "Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions" 1Q28b Hebrew Hasmonean
1QapocrMoses B Apocryphon of Moses 1Q29 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman "Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire"
1Q Liturgical Text(?) A "Liturgical Text 1" 1Q30 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1Q Liturgical Text(?) B "Liturgical Text 2" 1Q31 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QNJ(?) "New Jerusalem" 1Q32 Aramaic Herodian cf. 11Q18
1QM Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah" 1Q33 Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8 Hebrew 30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers" 1Q34 Hebrew Herodian
1QHb "Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns" 1Q35 Hebrew Herodian
1Q Hymns "Hymns" 1Q36 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) "Hymnic Composition" 1Q37 Hebrew Herodian
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) "Hymnic Composition" 1Q38 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) "Hymnic Composition" 1Q39 Hebrew Herodian
1Q Hymnic Composition(?) "Hymnic Composition" 1Q40 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1Q41–70 1Q41–70 Hebrew Unclassified Fragments
1QDana Daniel 1Q71 Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
1QDanb 1Q72 Daniel 3:22–30 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman

Qumran Cave 2

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 2

2QGen Genesis 2Q1 Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37 Hebrew Herodian
2QExoda Exodus 2Q2 Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34
2QExodb 2Q3 Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10
2QExodc 2Q4 Exodus 5:3–5 Hellenistic-Roman
2QpaleoLev Leviticus 2Q5 Leviticus 11:22-29 Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script
2QNuma Numbers 2Q6 Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3 Hebrew Herodian
2QNumb 2Q7 Numbers 33:47–53
2QNumc 2Q8 Numbers 7:88
2QNumd? 2Q9 Numbers 18:8–9 Hellenistic-Roman This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3
2QDeuta Deuteronomy 2Q10 Deuteronomy 1:7–9 Hebrew 50–25 BCE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

2QDeutb 2Q11 Deuteronomy 17:12–15 Hebrew 30 BCE – 68 CE

Herodian

2QDeutc 2Q12 Deuteronomy 10:8–12 Hebrew 1–68 CE

Late Herodian

2QJer Jeremiah 2Q13 Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10 Hebrew Herodian Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42
2QPs Psalms 2Q14 Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11
2QJob Job 2Q15 Job 33:28–30
2QRutha Ruth 2Q16 Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4 Hebrew Herodian
2QRuthb 2Q17 Ruth 3:13–18 Hasmonean
2QSir "Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus" 2Q18 Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31 Hebrew Herodian Ben Sira
2QJuba Book of Jubilees 2Q19 Genesis 25:7–9 Hebrew Herodian Jub 23:7–8
2QJubb Book of Jubilees 2Q20 Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order) Jub 46:1–3
2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?) "Apocryphon of Moses" 2Q21 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal writing about Moses
2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid "Apocryphon of David" 2Q22 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal writing about David
2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy "Apocryphal Prophecy" 2Q23 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments.
2QNJ "New Jerusalem" 2Q24 Aramaic Herodian Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar
2Q Juridical Text "Juridical Text" 2Q25 Hebrew Herodian A juridical text
2QEnGiants "Book of Giants" from "Enoch" 2Q26 Aramaic Herodian Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8
2Q27

2Q28 2Q29

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

2Q27

2Q28 2Q29

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

Unidentified Texts
2QX1 2QX1 Debris in a box

Qumran Cave 3

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 3

3QEzek Ezekiel 3Q1 Ezekiel 16:31–33 Hebrew Herodian
3QPs Psalms 3Q2 Psalm 2:6–7 Hebrew
3QLam Lamentations 3Q3 Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62 Hebrew
3QpIsa Pesher on Isaiah 3Q4 Isaiah 1:1 Hebrew Herodian
3QJub Jubilees 3Q5 Hebrew Herodian Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23
3QHymn Unidentified Hymn 3Q6 Hebrew Herodian Hymn of Praise
3QTJud(?) Testament of Judah(?) 3Q7 Hebrew Herodian cf. 4Q484, 4Q538
3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace 3Q8 Hebrew Herodian Text about an Angel of Peace
3QSectarian text 3Q9 Hebrew Herodian Possible unidentified Sectarian text
3QUnc Unidentified 3Q10

3Q11

Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unclassified fragments
3QUncA-B Unclassified fragments 3Q12

3Q13

Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman Unclassified fragments
3QUncC Unidentified 3Q14 Hebrew? Hellenistic-Roman 21 unclassified fragments
3QCopScr The Copper Scroll 3Q15 Hebrew Roman Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures

Qumran Cave 4

Qumran Cave 5

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 5

5QDeut Deuteronomy 5Q1 Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2 Hebrew Early Hellenistic
5QKgs Kings 5Q2 1 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37 Hebrew Hasmonean
5QIsa Isaiah 5Q3 Isaiah 40:16,18–19 Hebrew Herodian
5QAmos Amos 5Q4 Amos 1:2–5 Hebrew
5QPs Psalms 5Q5 Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42 Hebrew Herodian
5QLama Lamentations 5Q6 Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17 Hebrew Herodian
5QLamb 5Q7 Lamentations 4:17–20 Hebrew Herodian
5QPhyl Phylactery 5Q8 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Phylactery in its unopened case
5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms Toponyms 5Q9 Hebrew Herodian Seven fragments with names of places
5QapocrMal Apocryphon of Malachi 5Q10 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Apocryphon of Malachi
5QS Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad) 5Q11 Hebrew Herodian
5QD Damascus Document 5Q12 Hebrew Herodian Damascus Document
5QRule or 5QRégle Rule of Community 5Q13 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Fragments related to 1QS
5QCurses Curses 5Q14 Hebrew Herodian Liturgical compositions with curses
5QNJ New Jerusalem Scroll 5Q15 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman Description of the New Jerusalem
5QUnid Unidentified 5Q16–5Q24 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unidentified fragments
5QUnc Unclassified 5Q25 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Unclassified fragments

Qumran Cave 6

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 6

6QpaleoGen Genesis 6Q1 Genesis 6:13–21 Hebrew Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script
6QpaleoLev Leviticus 6Q2 Leviticus 8:12–13 Hebrew Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script
pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?) Deuteronomy 6Q3 Deuteronomy 26:19 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus
6QpapKgs Kings 6Q4 1 Kings 3:12–14; 12:28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21 Hebrew Hasmonean Made up of 94 Fragments.
pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?) Psalms 6Q5 Psalm 78:36–37 Hebrew Herodian
6QCant Song of Songs 6Q6 Song of Songs 1:1–7 Hebrew Herodian
6QpapDan Daniel 6Q7 Daniel 8:20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17 Hebrew Herodian 13 papyrus fragments.
6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants Book of Giants from Enoch 6Q8 Aramaic Herodian Part of the "Book of Giants"
6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs Apocryphon on SamuelKings 6Q9 Hebrew Hasmonean Samuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus.
6QpapaProph or pap6QProph Unidentified prophetic fragment 6Q10 Hebrew Hasmonean Prophetic text. Written in papyrus
6QAllegory Allegory of the Vine 6Q11 Hebrew Herodian Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine
6QapProph An apocryphal prophecy 6Q12 Herodian
6QPriestProph Priestly Prophecy 6Q13 Herodian A priestly prophecy
6Q Apocalypse Apocalyptic text 6Q14 Aramaic Herodian Two fragments with apocalyptic text
6QD Damascus Document 6Q15 Hebrew Herodian Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1
6QpapBened or pap6QBen papBenediction 6Q16 Herodian Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus
6QCalDoc Calendrical Document 6Q17 Herodian Calendric fragment
pap6QHymn Hymn 6Q18 Herodian Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM
6Q Text Related to Genesis Genesis 6Q19 Possibly from Genesis Aramaic Herodian Related to Genesis 10:6,20
6QDeut(?) Deuteronomy 6Q20 Possibly from Deuteronomy Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman Related to Deuteronomy 11:10
6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text Possibly prophetic text 6Q21 Hebrew Herodian Prophetic fragment containing 5 words.
pap6QUnidA Unclassified fragments 6Q22 Hebrew Herodian
pap6QUnidA ar Unclassified fragments 6Q23 Aramaic Herodian Related to "Words of the Book of Michael"
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q24 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q25 Aramaic Herodian
6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract Accounts or contracts 6Q26 Aramaic Hellenistic-Roman
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q27–6Q28 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
6QpapProv Proverbs 6Q30 Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b Hebrew Roman Single six-line fragment
6QUnidB Unclassified fragments 6Q31 Aramaic Herodian

Qumran Cave 7

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 7

7QpapLXXExod Exodus 7Q1 Exodus 28:4–7 Greek Hasmonean Greek fragment of Exodus
7QpapEpJer Letter of Jeremiah 7Q2 Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44 Greek Hasmonean Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus.
7Q3 Unidentified 7Q3 Greek Herodian Unknown biblical text
7Q4 Unidentified 7Q4 Greek Hasmonean Unknown biblical text
7Q5 Unidentified 7Q5 Greek Herodian Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53
7Q6–18 Unidentified 7Q6–18 Greek Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus
7Q papImprint Unidentified 7Q19 Greek Herodian Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus

Qumran Cave 8

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 8

8QGen Genesis 8Q1 Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25 Hebrew Herodian
8QPs Psalms 8Q2 Psalm 17:5–9, 14; 18:5–12 Hebrew Herodian
8QPhyl Phylacteries 8Q3 Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11

Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12

Hebrew 1–100 CE

Herodian

Fragments from a "Phylactery"
8QMez Mezuzah 8Q4 Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21 Hebrew 30 BCE–68 CE

Herodian

8QHymn Unidentified hymn 8Q5 Hebrew Herodian Non-biblical composition.

Qumran Cave 11

Fragment or Scroll Identifier Fragment or Scroll Name Alternative Identifier English Bible Association Language Date/Script Description Reference

Qumran Cave 11

11QpaleoLeva Paleo-Leviticusa 11Q1 Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19 Hebrew Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script
11QLevb Leviticusb 11Q2 Leviticus Hebrew Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script
11QDeut Deuteronomy 11Q3 Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30 Hebrew 50 CE

Late Herodian

11QEzek Ezekiel 11Q4 Ezekiel Hebrew Herodian
11QPs The Great Psalms Scroll 11Q5 Psalms Hebrew Herodian A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions.
11QPsa Psalms 11Q5 Hebrew Herodian
11QPsb 11Q6 Psalm 77:18–21; 78:1; 109:3–4; 118:1; 118:15–16; 119:163–165; 133:1–3; 141:10; 144:1–2 Hebrew Herodian
11QPsc 11Q7 Psalm 2:1–8; 9:3–7; 12:5–9; 13:1–6; 14:1–6; 17:9–15; 18:1–12; 19:4–8; 25:2–7 Hebrew Herodian
11QPsd 11Q8 Psalm 6:2–4; 9:3–6; 18:26–29; 18:39–42; 36:13; 37:1–4; 39:13–14; 40:1; 43:1–3; 45:6–8; 59:5–8; 68:1–5; 68:14–18; 78:5–12; 81:4–9; 86:11–14; 115:16–18; 116:1 Hebrew Herodian
11QPse 11Q9 Psalm 50:3–7 Hebrew Herodian
11QtgJob Targum Job 11Q10 Job Aramaic Herodian A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably.
11QapocrPs Apocryphal Psalms 11Q11 Psalm 91 Hebrew Herodian Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91
11QJub Jubilees 11Q12 Hebrew Herodian Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29
11QMelch Melchizedek 11Q13 Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8–9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9 Hebrew 50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek"
11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War") 11Q14 Hebrew Herodian An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation."
11QHymnsa Hymns 11Q15 Hebrew Herodian
11QHymnsb 11Q16 Hebrew Herodian
11QShirShabb Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice 11Q17 Hebrew Herodian Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service.
11QNJ New Jerusalem 11Q18 Aramaic Herodian Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation)
11QTa Temple Scroll 11Q19 Hebrew Herodian Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws.
11QTb Temple Scroll 11Q20 Hebrew Herodian
11QTc 11Q21 Hebrew Herodian
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q22 Hebrew Hasmonean Unidentified fragments.
11Q23 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
11Q24 Aramaic Hasmonean
11Q25 Hebrew Herodian
11Q26 Hebrew Herodian
11Q27 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
11Q28 Hebrew Hellenistic-Roman
11Q29 Serekh ha-Yahad related
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q30 Hebrew Herodian Unidentified fragments.
11Q Unidentified Unidentified 11Q31 Unidentified fragment
11Q9999 Unidentified Hellenistic-Roman

See also


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