List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)

Lists of state leaders by century:
See also:

This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Leaders of constituent states within the British south Asia, are excluded, and found on this list of leaders in the 20th-century British south Asia.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

  • Ngwangwa, King (1911–1912)
vassal to Portugal: 1888–1914
Colony, 1575–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

  • Abumbi I, King (1852–1932)
  • Achirimbi II, King (1932–1961, joined Cameroon)
German colony, 1884–1916
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
League of Nations mandate, 1918–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
League of Nations mandate, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Central African Republic

French colony, 1903–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Chad

vassal to France: from 1912
  • Mahamat Abdelkader, Mbang (1918–1935)
  • Ahmad Abu al-Ghazali ibn ‘Ali, Kolak (1900–1901)
  • Dud Murra, Kolak (1901–1909)
  • ‘Asil, Kolak (1909–1912)
Colony, 1900–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Congo: Belgian

  • Sovereign –
Colony, 1908–1960
For details see the Belgium under Western Europe

Congo: French

Colony, 1882–1910
For details see France under western Europe
Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Equatorial Guinea

Colony, 1778–1968
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

  • Rogombé-Nwèntchandi, Agamwinboni (?–1927)
Colony, 1882–1910
For details see France under western Europe

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi
League of Nations mandate of Belgium, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962
For details see Belgium under western Europe
Kenya
  • Fumo `Umar ibn Ahmad, Mfalume (1891–1893, 1895–1923)
British protectorate, 1895–1920
British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Rwanda
Tanzania
Colony, 1885–1919
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
League of Nations mandate of Britain, 1922–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Uganda
  • Kahaya II, Omugabe (1895–1944)
  • Gasyonga II, Omugabe (1944–1967)
  • Kitahimbwa, Omukama (1898–1902)
  • Duhaga III, Omukama (1902–1924)
  • Winyi IV, Omukama (1925–1967)
British protectorate, 1894–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Horn of Africa area

Djibouti
Colony, 1896–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1967
For details see France under western Europe
Eritrea
Colony, 1890–1936
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
Ethiopia
Colony, 1936–1941
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
  • Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1862–1902)
  • Mahammad ibn Aydahis ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (1902–c.1910)
  • Yayyo ibn Mahammad ibn Hanfere, Amoyta (c.1902–1927)
  • Mahammad Yayyo, Amoyta (1927–1944)
  • Firisa, Moti (1899–1902)
Somalia
Colony, 1890–1936
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
British Occupied territory, 1941–1949
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe

Indian Ocean

Comoros
  • Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar, Sultan (1892–1912)
French protectorate, 1887–1908; colony under French Madagascar, 1908–1946; Overseas territory, 1946–1961
For details see France under western Europe
Madagascar
Colony, 1897–1958
For details see France under western Europe
Mauritius
Colony, 1810–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Seychelles
Part of British Mauritius, 1811–1903; British colony, 1903–1976
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

Protectorate, 1912–1934; Colony, 1934–1943
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
  • Ahmad Tahir al-Murayyid, Chairman (1918–1923)
Allied military administration, 1942–1951
  • Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)

Tunisia

Protectorate, 1881–1956
For details see France under western Europe

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Under British occupation since 1882
British protectorate, 1914–1922
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Fuad I, Sultan (1917–1922), King (1922–1936)
  • Farouk I, King (1936–1952)

Sudan

Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

French Départements, 1830–1962
For details see France under western Europe

Morocco and Western Sahara

French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956; Tangier International Zone, 1924–1956
  • Yusef, Sultan (1912–1927)
  • Mohammed V, Sultan (1927–1953, 1955–1957), King (1957–1961)
Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Africa: South

Botswana

British protectorate, 1885–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Eswatini/ Swaziland

  • Labotsibeni Mdluli, Ndlovukati (1894–1925), Queen Regent (1899–1903) Queen Regent under British rule (1903–1921)
British protectorate, 1906–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)

Lesotho

British colony, 1884–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Malawi

British protectorate, 1893–1907
British protectorate, 1907–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Mozambique

  • Umar Farelay (also known as Mahamuieva), Sultan (c.1890–1910)
Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Namibia

Colony, 1884–1915
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
League of Nations mandate of South Africa, 1915–1946; United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990
For details see the South African Republic under southern Africa

South Africa

Protectorate, 1893–1907
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1795–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1843–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1902–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1877–1881, 1902–1910
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Zambia

  • Kanyembo Ntemena, Mwata (1883–1885, 1886–1904)
  • Lubosi I, Mbumu wa Litunga (1885–1916)
  • Mokamba–Regent, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916)
  • Yeta III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1916–1945)
  • Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1945–1946)
  • Imwiko Lewanika, Mbumu wa Litunga (1946–1948)
  • Shemakone Kalonga Wina, Regent (1948)
  • Mwanawina III, Mbumu wa Litunga (1948–1968)
Company rule, 1890–1924
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Zimbabwe

British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: West

Benin

  • State reconstituted under joint Franco-German colonial authority (1901)
  • Abalo Bajavi, King (1901–1930)
  • Kofi Titriwe, King (1930–1935)
  • Augustino Olympio, King (1937–1945)
  • Kponton II, King (1946–1949)
French Protectorate, 1894–1904
For details see France under western Europe
Colony, 1904–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Burkina Faso

  • Yenkuaga, King (c.1878–1917)
  • Labidiedo, King (1918–1920)
  • Yenkpaari, King (1920–1937)
  • Yempaabu, King (1941–1986)
Buricimba dynasty
  • Yaaparigu, Bilanbedo (1887–1919)
  • Boagri, Bilanbedo (1919)
  • Hampandi, Bilanbedo (1919–1927)
  • Banyikuba, Bilanbedo (1927–1970)
  • Yenhamma, ruler (unknown date)
  • Wurijuari, ruler (20th century)
  • Yentagma, ruler (20th century)
  • Hampandi, ruler (1899–1923)
  • Baahamma, ruler (1892–1905)
  • Hamicuuri, ruler (1905–1942)
  • Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969)
  • Pintyeba Wattara, ruler (1897–1909)
  • Karamoko, ruler (1909–1915)
  • Yenkuagu, ruler (1878–1917)
  • Labidiedo, ruler (1918–1920)
  • Yenkpaari, ruler (1920–1937)
  • Interregnum, ruler (1937–1941)
  • Yempaabu, ruler (1941–?)
  • Brahima Usman, Almami (1891–1915)
  • Bubakar bi Amadu Baba Gedal, Almami (1916–1918)
  • Abdurahman Diko bi Amadu, Almami (1918–1932)
  • Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956)
  • Huntani, Boopo (1897–1902)
  • Yenmiama, Boopo (1902–1906)
  • Haminari, Boopo (1906–1910)
  • Simadari, Boopo (1910–1932)
  • Hamicuuri, Boopo (1932–1932)
  • Yensongu, Boopo (1932–1932)
  • Wurabiari, Boopo (1932–1937)
  • Yaaparigu, Boopo (1937–1943)
  • Wuracaari, Boopo (1943–1945)
  • Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976)
  • Bancandi, Nunbado (1892–1911)
  • Baahamma, Jafuali (1878–1918)
  • Hamicuuri, Jafuali (1918–1919)
  • Yenkoari, Jafuali (1919–1929)
  • Yenhamma, Jafuali (1929–1938)
  • Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952)
  • Yentandi, Pielabedo (1856–1901)
  • Kupiendieri, Pielabedo (1901–1932)
  • Yentugri, Pielabedo (1932–1949)
  • Yensongu, Pielabedo (1949–?)
  • Koom, Naaba (?–1933)
  • Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957)
  • Naaba Sigiri, Moogo-naaba (1897–1905)
  • Naaba Koom II, Moogo-naaba (1905–1942)
  • Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957)
  • Naaba Ligidi, Yatenga naaba (1899–1902)
  • Naaba Kobga, Yatenga naaba (1902–1914)
  • Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954)
Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Ghana

British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Guinea

Colony, 1894–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Guinea-Bissau

Colony, 1474–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

Colony, 1893–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Liberia

Mali

Colony, 1880–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Mauritania

French colony, 1903–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Niger

  • Malla, Askiya (1887–1901)
  • Igoumou, Askiya (1901)
  • Zarmakoy Attikou, King (1897–1902)
  • Zarmakoy Aoûta/Awta, King (1902–1913)
  • Zarmakoy Moussa, King (1913–1924)
  • Zarmakoy Saidou, King (1924–1938)
  • Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953)
French colony, 1904–1921
French colony, 1921–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Nigeria

  • Zubayru bi Adama, Baban-Lamido (1890–1901)
  • Baba Ahmadu, Baban-Lamido (1901–1903)
  • Eyo Etinyin, King (c.1896–c.1903)
  • Ate, Regent (1892–1914)
  • Gbadebo I, Alake (1898–1920)
  • Ladapo Samuel Ademola II, Alake (1872–1962), in exile (1948–1950), ruler (1920–1962)
  • Sulaymanu dan Aliyu, Emir (1896–1914)
  • Shuaybu Bawa dan Zubayru, Emir (1915–1919)
  • Abdulkadir Dan Bawa, Emir (1920–1959)
  • Grand Viziers
  • Ahmadu Mai Shahada, Grand Vizier (1889–1903)
  • Abu Bakr dan Masaba, Etsu (1895–1897, 1899–1901)
  • Obiesigha Jaja II (Frederick Sunday), King (1893–1915)
  • Dipiri (Arthur Mac Pepple), King (1916–1936)
  • Sodienye Jaja III (Douglas Mac Pepple), (1936–1942, 1952–1980)
  • Stephen Ubogu Jaja IV, acting King (1942–1946)
  • Muhammadu al-Bukhari, Grand Vizier (1890–1903)
  • Ibrahim "Iyalai" "Dodon Gwari", Emir (1877–1902)
  • Muhammad Gani, Emir (1902–1917)
  • Musa Angulu, Emir (1917–1944)
  • Sulaimanu Barau, Emir (1944–1979)
  • Abd Allahi Abarshi dan `Ali dan Yerima, Emir (1888–1904)
British protectorate, 1884–1893/ 1893–1900
British colony, 1821–1957
British protectorate, 1900–1914
British protectorate, 1900–1914
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Senegal

  • Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)
French colony, 1902–1904
French colony, 1904–1921
French colony, 1848–1960
For details see France under western Europe
Federation of colonies, 1895–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Sierra Leone

British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Togo

Protectorate, 1884–1916
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
League of Nations Mandate Territory, 1916–1946; United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

Antigua

British colony, 1632–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

The Bahamas

British colony, 1648–1973
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Barbados

British colony, 1625–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Cuba

Dominica

British Colony, 1763–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Dominican Republic

  • Manuel Lamarche García, Emiliano Tejera, Andrés Julio Montolío, Francisco Leonte Vásquez Lajara, Carlos Ginebra, Eladio Victoria, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1905–1906)
  • Jaime Mota, Bernardo Pichardo, José Manuel Jimenes, Federico Velásquez y Hernández, Council of Secretaries of State (1916)

Haiti

Netherlands

Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Saint Kitts and Nevis

British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Lucia

British colony, 1802–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

British Colony, 1763–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Trinidad and Tobago

British colony, 1797–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Americas: Central

Belize

British colony, 1862–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

Americas: North

Canada

British colony, 1610–1907

Mexico

United States

Americas: South

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Guyana

British colony, 1814–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Dutch colony 1667–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Uruguay

Venezuela

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

Tibet

Manchu overlordship, 1720-1912
For details see the Qing dynasty under Eastern Asia

Uzbekistan

  • Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1920)
  • Jumaniyoz Sulton Muradoghli, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1920)
  • Hoji Pahlavon Niyoz Yusuf, Chairmen of the Presidium (1920–1921)
  • Qoch Qoroghli, Chairmen of Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921)
  • Khudoybergan Divanoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
  • Mulla Nozir, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
  • Allabergan, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
  • Ata Maqsum Madrahimoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921)
  • Jangibay Murodoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1921–1922)
  • Abdulla Abdurahmon Khojaoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1922–1923)
  • K. Safaroghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1923–1924)
  • Sultonkari Jumaniyoz, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924)
  • Temurkhoja Yaminoghli, Chairmen of the Presidium (1924–1925)
Russian protectorate, 1873–1917
  • Mirzo Abduqodir Mansurovich Mukhitdinov, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1920–1921)
  • Polat Usmon Khodzhayev, Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (1921), of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1921–1922)
  • Muin Jon Aminov, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922)
  • Porsa Khodzhayev, Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee (1922–1925)
Russian Krai, 1867–1918
For details see the Russian Empire under Eastern Europe

Asia: East

China: Qing dynasty

  • Guangxu, Emperor (1875–1908)
  • Puyi, Emperor (1908–1912)

China: Since 1912

  • People's Republic of China
  • Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), paramount leader (1949–1976)
Puppet state of Japan
  • Yin Ju-keng, Chairman (1935–1937)
  • Chi Zongmo, Chairman (1937–1938)
  • Puyi, Chief Executive (1932–1934), Emperor (1934–1945)

Japan

Korea

  • Gojong, King (1863–1897), Emperor (1897–1907)
  • Sunjong, Emperor (1907–1910)
Colony, 1910–1945
For details see the Japan under Eastern Asia

Mongolia

Russia

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

British protectorate, 1888–1984

Cambodia

Protectorate, 1863–1984, part of French Indochina 1887–1953
Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1941–1945

Indonesia

Dutch colony 1800–1811, 1816–1949
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Indonesia: Java
  • Pangeran Pakunataningrat, Regent (1883–1901)
  • Pangeran Arya Prataming Kusuma, Regent (1901–1926)
  • Tumenggung Arya Prabuwinata, Regent (1926–1929)
  • Mangkunegara VI, Sultan (1896–1916)
  • Mangkunegara VII, Sultan (1916–1944)
  • Mangkunegara VIII, Sultan (1944–1946)
Indonesia: Sumatra
  • Abdul Aziz Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1893–1927)
  • Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rakhmat Shah, Sultan (1927–1946)
  • Al-Sayyid al-Sharif Hashim Abdul Jalil Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1889–1908)
  • Syarif Kasim II, Sultan (1915–1946)
  • Al-Marhum Perbaungan, Sultan (1879–1946)[citation needed]
  • Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah, Sultan (1883–1911)
Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
  • Pengian Kesuma, Queen (1899–1901)
  • Kasimuddin, Sultan (20th century)
  • Datu Mansyur, Acting Sultan (1925–1930)
  • Maulana Ahmad Sulaimanuddin, Sultan (1930–1931)
  • Maulana Muhammad Jalaluddin, Sultan (1931–1950)
  • Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie, Sultan (1895–1944)
  • Syarif Hamid II, Sultan (1945–1950)
  • Muhammad Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1866–1924)
  • Muhammad 'Ali Shafi ud-din II, Sultan (1924–1926)
  • Muhammad Tayeb, Chief of the Assembly Council (1926–1931)
  • Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud-din, Sultan (1931–1943)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
  • Husain, Sultan (1895–1906)
  • Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin, Sultan (1936–1945)
  • Iskandar Opu Daeng Pali’, Datu (1883–1901)
  • Andi Kambo, Datu (1901–1935)
  • Andi DJemma, Datu (1935–1965)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
  • Lorenzo II, Raja (c.1886–1904)
  • Ibrahim, Sultan (1881–1915)
  • Muhammad Salahuddin, Sultan (1915–1949)
Indonesia: West Timor
  • Muti Banu Naek, Raja (c.1899–1915)
  • Kusa Banu Naek, Raja (1916–1919)
  • Kolo Banu Naek, Raja (1920–1946)
  • Lodeweyk Lourens Don Louis Banu Naek, Raja (1946–1962)
  • Rasi Koroh, Raja (1872–1887, 1892–1914)[citation needed]
  • Isaac Koroh, Raja (1914–1923)
  • Alexander Koroh, Raja (1923–1925)
  • Hendrik Arnold Koroh, Raja (1925–1949)
  • Kusa, Raja (1895–1901)
  • Arnoldus, Raja (1901)
  • Junus Amtaran, Raja (1901–1903)
  • Kase Kome, Raja (1903–1912)
  • Jacob Ch. Amabi, Raja (1912–1917)
  • Nai Sobe Sonbai III, Emperor (1885–1906)
  • Said Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1890–1902)
  • Baki Bastian Meis Nisnoni, Raja (1905–1911)
  • Nicolaas Nisnoni, Raja (1911–1917)
  • Bil Nope, Raja (c.1870–1910)
  • Noni Nope, Raja (1910–1920)
  • Pae Nope, Raja (1920–1946)
  • Paulus Nope, Raja (1946–1949)
  • Kusa Nope, Raja (1946–1958)
Indonesia: Maluku Islands
  • Muhammad Usman, Sultan (1900–1935)
  • Muhammad Muhsin, Sultan (1935–1950)
Dutch protectorate 1657–1905
  • Iskandar Sahajuhan, Sultan (1893–1905)
  • Zainal Abidin Alting, Sultan (1947–1950)
Dutch protectorate 1683–1915
  • Muhammad Ilham/ Kolano Ara Rimoi, Sultan (1900–1902)[citation needed]
  • Haji Muhammad Usman Shah, Sultan (1902–1915)
  • Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Shah, Sultan (1929–1950)
Indonesia: All

Laos

  • Ratsadanay, King (1900–1904), Regional Governor (1904–1934)
Protectorate and constituent of French Indochina (1893–1953)
  • Zakarine, King (1895–1904)
  • Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953)
  • Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Phrabang (1904–1945), King of Laos (1946–1953)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia
  • Syed Saffi Jamalullail, Raja (1887–1905)
  • Syed Alwi Jamalullail, Raja (1905–1943)
  • Syed Hamzah Jamalullail, Raja (1943–1945)
  • Syed Harun Putra Jamalullail, Raja (1945–1957)
British protectorate, 1895–1942, 1945–1946
British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
British protectorate, 1826–1942, 1945–1946
British colony, 1946–1948
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Malaysian Borneo
British colony, 1946–1963
British colony, 1848–1890, 1904–1906, 1907–1941, 1945–1946
British colony, 1888–1941, 1945–1946; Crown colony, 1946–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Myanmar / Burma

British colony, 1824–1948
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Puppet state of Japan
  • Ba Maw, Naingandaw Adipadi and Prime Minister (1943–1945)
  • U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956)

Philippines

  • Mangigin, Sultan (1896–1926)
Colony, 1565–1901
For details see Spain in southwest Europe
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Revolutionary Government (1898–1899), President of the First Republic (1899–1901)
United States territory, 1901–1935
For details see the United States in North America
First Philippine Republic
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Second Philippine Republic: Japanese puppet state
Third Philippine Republic
Commonwealth of the Philippines
  • Jorge B. Vargas, Presiding Officer of Executive Commission, de facto head of government (1942–1943)

Singapore

British crown colony as part of the Straits Settlements, 1867–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Thailand

  • Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah, Sultan (?–1902)

Timor

Colony, 1702–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Vietnam

French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
Colony, 1887–1946
Vietnamese constituents are below; for details see France under western Europe
French Colony, 1862–1949
French Protectorate, 1883–1945, 1945–1948
French Protectorate, 1884–1949
For details see France under western Europe
Puppet state of Japan, 1945

Asia: South

Afghanistan

Asia: West

Bahrain

Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971

Cyprus

Colony, 1878–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Jordan

  • Abdullah I, Emir (1921–1946), King (1946–1951)
  • Abdullah I, Emir (1921–1946), King (1946–1951)

Kuwait

Lebanon

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

  • Abdul-Aziz bin Mitab, Emir (1897–1906)
  • Mutʿib bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Emir (1906)
  • Sultān bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1906-1907)
  • Saʿūd bin Ḥammūd, Emir (1907-1908)
  • Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir (1908–1920)
  • ʿAbdullah bin Mutʿib, Emir (1920–1921)
  • Muḥammad bin Ṭalāl, Emir (1921)
  • Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
  • Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
  • Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)
  • Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1927), King (1926–1953)

Syria

Turkey

United Arab Emirates: Trucial States

Yemen: North

  • Ibrahim bin Yahya Hamid al-Din, Prime minister (1948)
  • Ali ibn Abdullah al-Wazir, Prime minister (1948)
  • Hassan ibn Yahya, Prime minister (1948–1955)

Yemen: South

British Colony, 1937–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • `Amm Rassas ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1890–1902)
  • Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959)
  • Salih ibn `Abd Allah, Sultan (1887–1935)
  • `Awad ibn Salih al-`Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967)
  • Salih ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1893–1904)
  • Muhsin ibn Salih al-Wahidi (2nd time), Sultan (1904–1919)
  • `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–1948)
  • `Ali ibn Muhsin al-Wahidi (uncertain), Sultan (1948)
  • Nasir ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967)
  • Muhsin, Amir (?–1903)
  • Sharif Ahmad Muhsin Al Habieli, Amir (1903–1935)
  • Sha´if ibn Sayf al-`Amiri, Emir (1886–1911)
  • Nasir ibn Sha'if al-`Amiri, Emir (1911–1920, 1928–1947)
  • Haydara ibn Nasir al-`Amiri, Emir (1920–1928)
  • `Ali ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1947–1954)
  • Nasir ibn Salih al-Wahidi, Sultan (1885–1919)
  • al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Wahidi, Sultan (1919–?)
  • al-Mansur ibn Ghalib al-Kathir, Sultan (1880–1929)
  • 'Ali ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1929–1938)
  • Dscha'far ibn al-Mansur al-Kathir, Sultan (1938–1949)
  • al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967)
  • Ahmad III ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1898–1914)
  • 'Ali II ibn Ahmad al-'Abdali, Sultan (1914–1915)
  • 'Abd al-Karim II ibn al-Fadl al-'Abdali, Sultan (1915–1947)
  • al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952)
  • `Ali ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (late-19th century–1907)
  • `Abd Allah ibn `Isa Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1907–early-20th century)
  • Ahmad ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952)
  • Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1899–1916)
  • Muhsin II ibn Ali al-Afifi, ruler (1916–1925)
  • Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958)
  • Qahtan ibn `Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1895–1903)
  • Salih ibn `Umar ibn al-Husayn Al Harhara, Sultan (1903–1913, 1919–1927)
  • `Umar ibn Qahtan ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1913–1919)
  • Umar ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1927–1948)
  • Muhammad ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Albania

Bulgaria

  • Vasil Kolarov, Chairman of the Provisional Presidency of Bulgaria (1946–1947)
  • Mincho Neychev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1947–1950)
  • Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958)

Greece

Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire, establishment by the Great Powers, 1898–1913
  • High Commissioners
  • Prime Ministers

Yugoslavia

Serbia & Yugoslavia
  • Chairman of the Presidency of the National Assembly/ AVNOJ (complete list) –
  • Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953)
  • Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980)
  • Ivan Ribar, Chairman of the Presidency (1945–1953)
Croatia
part of the Habsburg monarchy, also part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown
part of the Austrian Empire
Puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy within occupied Yugoslavia
  • Ante Pavelić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1941–1943)
  • Nikcorrectedola Mandić, Prime Minister/President of the Government (1943–1945)
Kosovo
administrative division of the Ottoman Empire, under Austro-Hungarian occupation 1878–1913
  • Reshad Bey Pasha, Governor (1900–1902)
  • Abeddin Pasha, Governor (1902–1903)
  • Shakir Pasha Numan, Governor (1903–1904)
  • Mahmud Shevket Pasha, Governor (1905–1907)
  • Hadi Pasha, Governor (1908)
  • Mazhar Bey Pasha, Governor (1909–1910)
  • Halil Bey Pasha, Governor (1911)
  • Ghalib Pasha, Governor (1912)
Montenegro
  • Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)
  • Nikola I, Sovereign prince (1860–1910), King (1910–1918)

Europe: Baltic states

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Puppet state of the Second Polish Republic

Europe: British Isles

Ireland

United Kingdom

Europe: Central

Austria

Habsburg-Lorraine monarchs ruled under numerous simultaneous titles

Czechoslovakia

Nazi German Protectorate, 1939–1945

Germany: Small states

Bavarian

Prussia

  • William II, Emperor (1888–1918), King (1888–1918)

Upper Rhenish

Lower Saxon

  • Wilhelm Brehmer [de], Mayor (1901–1902)
  • Heinrich Klug [de], Mayor (1903–1904)
  • Johann Georg Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1905–1906)
  • Ernst Christian Johannes Schön [de], Mayor (1907–1908)
  • Johann Georg Eschenburg [de], Mayor (1909–1916)
  • Emil Ferdinand Fehling [de], Mayor (1917–1920)
  • Johann Martin Andreas Neumann [de], Mayor (1920–1926)
  • Paul Löwigt [de], Mayor (1926–1933)
  • Otto-Heinrich Drechsler, Mayor (1933–1937)

Upper Saxon

Swabian

  • Anselm Ritter, Prince-abbot (1784–1803)

Germany: Unified states

Hungary

Puppet government of Nazi Germany, 1944–1945

Liechtenstein

Poland

Free City under League of Nations protection, 1920–1939

Switzerland

Europe: East

Moldova

Romania

  • Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952)

Russia

  • Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets (1922–1938), Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1946)
  • Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953)
  • Vladimir Lenin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922–1924)
  • Alexei Rykov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1924–1930)
  • Vyacheslav Molotov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1930–1941)
  • Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953)
  • Pyotr Krasnov, Ataman (1918–1919)
  • Afrikan Bogaevsky, Ataman (1919–1921)
  • Uzun Hajji Saltinsky, Emir (1919–1920)
  • Santeri Termonen, Chairmen (1919)
  • Juho Pekka Kokko, Chairmen (1919)
  • Georg Elfvengren, Chairmen (1919–1920)
  • Jukka Tirranen, Chairmen (1920)

Ukraine

1804–1918, crownland of the Austrian Empire

Europe: Nordic

Denmark

Finland

Puppet state of the Soviet Union

Iceland

Sweden and Norway

  • Oscar II, King of Norway (1872–1905), King of Sweden (1872–1907)

Norway

Puppet state of Germany
  • Reichskommissars –

Sweden

Europe: Southcentral

Italy

Puppet state of Germany
UN Security Council-controlled temporary military government, 1947–1954

Malta

British colony, 1813–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

San Marino

  • Domenico Fattori, Antonio Righi, Captains Regent (1900)
  • Giovanni Bonelli, Pietro Ugolini, Captains Regent (1900–1901)
  • Luigi Tonnini, Marino Nicolini, Captains Regent (1901)
  • Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1901–1902)
  • Onofrio Fattori, Egidio Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1902)
  • Gemino Gozi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1902–1903)
  • Federico Gozi, Nullo Balducci, Captains Regent (1903)
  • Marino Borbiconi, Francesco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1903–1904)
  • Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1904)
  • Luigi Tonnini, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1904–1905)
  • Antonio Bellucci, Pasquale Busignani, Captains Regent (1905)
  • Onofrio Fattori, Piermatteo Carattoni, Captains Regent (1905–1906)
  • Giovanni Belluzzi, Pietro Francini, Captains Regent (1906)
  • Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1906–1907)
  • Ciro Belluzzi, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1907)
  • Giuseppe Angeli, Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1907–1908)
  • Menetto Bonelli, Gustavo Babboni, Captains Regent (1908)
  • Olinto Amati, Raffaele Michetti, Captains Regent (1908–1909)
  • Luigi Tonnini, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1909)
  • Marino Borbiconi, Giacomo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1909–1910)
  • Alfredo Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1910)
  • Giovanni Belluzzi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1910–1911)
  • Moro Morri, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1911)
  • Onofrio Fattori, Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1911–1912)
  • Gustavo Babboni, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1912)
  • Menetto Bonelli, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1912–1913)
  • Giuseppe Angeli, Ignazio Grazia, Captains Regent (1913)
  • Cirro Belluzzi, Domenico Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1913–1914)
  • Domenico Fattori, Ferruccio Martelli, Captains Regent (1914)
  • Olinto Amati, Cesare Stacchini, Captains Regent (1914–1915)
  • Moro Morri, Antonio Burgagni, Captains Regent (1915)
  • Alfredo Reffi, Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1915–1916)
  • Onofrio Fattori, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1916)
  • Gustavo Babboni, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1916–1917)
  • Egisto Morri, Vincenzo Marcucci, Captains Regent (1917)
  • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1917–1918)
  • Ferruccio Martelli, Ermenegildo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1918)
  • Protogene Belloni, Francesco Morri, Captains Regent (1918–1919)
  • Domenico Vicini, Pietro Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1919)
  • Moro Morri, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1919–1920)
  • Marino Rossi, Ciro Francini, Captains Regent (1920)
  • Carlo Balsimelli, Simone Michelotti, Captains Regent (1920–1921)
  • Marino Della Balda, Vincenzo Francini, Captains Regent (1921)
  • Egisto Morri, Giuseppe Lanci, Captains Regent (1921–1922)
  • Eugenio Reffi, Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent (1922)
  • Onofrio Fattori, Giuseppe Balducci, Captains Regent (1922–1923)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1923)
  • Marino Borbiconi, Mario Michetti, Captains Regent (1923–1924)
  • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1924)
  • Francesco Morri, Girolamo Gozi, Captains Regent (1924–1925)
  • Marino Fattori, Augusto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1925)
  • Valerio Pasquali, Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (1925–1926)
  • Manlio Gozi, Giuseppe Mularoni, Captains Regent (1926)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1926–1927)
  • Gino Gozi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1927)
  • Marino Rossi, Nelson Burgagni, Captains Regent (1927–1928)
  • Domenico Suzzi Valli, Francesco Pasquali, Captains Regent (1928)
  • Francesco Morri, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1928–1929)
  • Girolamo Gozi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1929)
  • Ezio Balducci, Aldo Busignani, Captains Regent (1929–1930)
  • Manlio Gozi, Marino Lonfernini, Turiddu Foschi, Captains Regent (1930)
  • Valerio Pasquali, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1930–1931)
  • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Francesco Mularoni, Captains Regent (1931)
  • Domenico Suzzi Valli, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1931–1932)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Pompeo Righi, Captains Regent (1932)
  • Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1932–1933)
  • Francesco Morri, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1933)
  • Carlo Balsimelli, Melchiorre Filippi, Captains Regent (1933–1934)
  • Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1934)
  • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Marino Michelotti, Captains Regent (1934–1935)
  • Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1935)
  • Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1935–1936)
  • Gino Gozi, Ruggero Morri, Captains Regent (1936)
  • Francesco Morri, Gino Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1936–1937)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Settimio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1937)
  • Marino Rossi, Giovanni Lonfernini , Captains Regent (1937–1938)
  • Manlio Gozi, Luigi Mularoni, Captains Regent (1938)
  • Carlo Balsimelli, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1938–1939)
  • Pompeo Righi, Marino Morri, Captains Regent (1939)
  • Marino Michelotti, Orlando Reffi, Captains Regent (1939–1940)
  • Angelo Manzoni Borghesi, Filippo Mularoni, Captains Regent (1940)
  • Federico Gozi, Salvatore Foschi, Captains Regent (1940–1941)
  • Gino Gozi, Secondo Menicucci, Captains Regent (1941)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Giovanni Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1941–1942)
  • Settimio Belluzzi, Celio Gozi, Captains Regent (1942)
  • Carlo Balsimelli, Renato Martelli, Captains Regent (1942–1943)
  • Marino Michelotti, Bartolomeo Manzoni Borghesi, Captains Regent (1943)
  • Marino Della Balda, Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1943–1944)
  • Francesco Balsimelli, Sanzio Valentini, Captains Regent (1944)
  • Teodoro Lonfernini, Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent (1944–1945)
  • Alvaro Casali, Vittorio Valentini, Captains Regent (1945)
  • Ferruccio Martelli, Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1945–1946)
  • Giuseppe Forcellini, Vincenzo Pedini, Captains Regent (1946)
  • Filippo Martelli, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1946–1947)
  • Marino Della Balda, Luigi Zafferani, Captains Regent (1947)
  • Domenico Forcellini, Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1947–1948)
  • Arnaldo Para, Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1948)
  • Giordano Giacomini, Domenico Tomassoni, Captains Regent (1948–1949)
  • Ferruccio Martelli, Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1949)
  • Vincenzo Pedini, Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1949–1950)
  • Giuseppe Forcellini, Primo Taddei, Captains Regent (1950)
  • Marino Della Balda, Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951)

Vatican

Europe: Southwest

Andorra

  • Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1879–1901)
  • Ramon Riu i Cabanes, Episcopal Co-Prince (1901)
  • Toribio Martín, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1902)
  • Joan Josep Laguarda i Fenollera, Episcopal Co-Prince (1902–1906)
  • Josep Pujargimzú, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1907)
  • Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1907–1919)
  • Jaume Viladrich i Gaspa, Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1919–1920)
  • Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, Episcopal Co-Prince (1920–1940)
  • Ricard Fornesa i Puigdemasa (Vicar capitular), Interm Episcopal Co-Prince (1940–1943)
  • Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969)

Portugal

Spain

Europe: West

Belgium

France

  • Military Commanders –
  • Administrator –

Luxembourg

Monaco

Netherlands

  • Reichskommissar –
  • Leader of the Dutch People –

Eurasia: Caucasus

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Oceania

Australia and Papua New Guinea

Australia

Papua New Guinea

German colony, 1884–1919
For details see the German Empire under central Europe
League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946
United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia
British colony, 1888–1902
League of Nations Mandate of Australia, 1920–1946
United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
New Guinea: United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975
Papua: Australian external territory (1949–1975)
For details see Australia

Pacific

Chile

  • Nga'ara, King (c.1835–pre-1860)
  • Maurata, King (1859–1862)
  • Kai Mako'i 'Iti, King (?–1863)
  • Tepito, King (?)
  • Gregorio, King (?)
  • Atamu Tekena, King (?–pre-1892)

Fiji

British colony, 1874–1970
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

French Polynesia

Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959
  • Soane Malia Musulamu, King (c.1887–1929)
  • Mateo Tamole, King
  • Toviko Keletaona, King
  • Tamasi Tamole, King
  • Toviko Keletaona, King
  • Sui Tamole, King
  • Ligareto Falemaa, King (?–1929)
  • Keletaona Keletaona, King (1929–1932)

New Zealand

British colony, 1891–1901
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British colony, 1841–1907
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
British protectorate, 1900–1907
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present
For details see the New Zealand under Oceania
British protectorate, 1888–1901
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Samoa and American Samoa

German colony, 1900–1914
For details see the German Empire under central Europe

Solomon Islands

British protectorate, 1893–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Tuvalu

British colony, 1892–1976
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Tonga

United States

United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994

Vanuatu

British-French Protectorate, 1887–1889, 1890–1906
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe
  • Ferdinand Chevillard, President (1889)
  • R. D. Polk, President (c.1890)
British-French Condominium, 1906–1980
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe

See also


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