October 1913

01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08 09 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31  
October 17, 1913: 28 people killed in deadliest air crash up to that time
October 7, 1913: Ford Motor Company inaugurates its first moving assembly line
October 16, 1913: Royal Navy launches its first oil-powered warship, HMS Queen Elizabeth
October 14, 1913: 439 coal miners killed in Wales, rescuers unable to find survivors inside

The following events occurred in October 1913:

October 1, 1913 (Wednesday)

October 2, 1913 (Thursday)

  • China's National Assembly passed a law limiting the President of China to a five-year term of office, with only one re-election.[6]
  • Flooding in Southern Texas caused $50,000,000 of property damage, though only 12 lives were lost.[7]
  • The Mexican city of Torreón fell to rebel invaders, led by Pancho Villa, a day after Mexican federal troops evacuated the area.[8]
  • Scottish murderer Patrick Higgins was hanged after being convicted of the November 1911 murder of his two sons, based on by forensic evidence developed by Sydney Smith. Higgins, a habitual drinker, had admitted to the killings but had raised the defense of "insanity caused by epilepsy" but was disproved by analysis and testimony from Smith.[9]
  • Well-known American author Ambrose Bierce decided, at the age of 71, that he wanted to conclude his life by leaving his Washington, D.C. home to participate in the Mexican Revolution, departing by train after writing to his niece that "being stood up against a Mexican stone wall and shot to rags... beats old age, disease, or falling down the cellar stairs". After reaching Mexico and sending a letter from Chihuahua City on December 26, Bierce vanished "without a trace".[10]
  • Born: Roma Mitchell, Australian politician, first woman to serve as a Governor of an Australian state, 31st Governor of South Australia; in Adelaide (d. 2000)

October 3, 1913 (Friday)

  • At 9:10 pm, the Revenue Act, also known as the Underwood–Simmons Tariff Act, was signed into law by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, dropping or reducing many of the tariffs of the United States. An amendment to the bill also provided the first federal income tax authorized by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, though the initial rates were modest in comparison to the lowered cost of living provided by the tariff elimination.[11] The charges on imported meats, fish, dairy products, flour and potatoes were eliminated, as well as those for coal, iron ore and lumber from abroad, and farm machinery and office machinery made outside the United States. On the average the tariff rate was reduced from 37 percent to 27 percent. Wilson said afterwards, "We have set the business of this country free from those conditions which have made monopoly not only possible, but, in a sense, easy and natural."[12][13] The U.S. Senate had approved the bill, 36–17, the day before, and the House of Representatives had voted, 254–103, in its favor on September 30.
  • The government of Austria-Hungary passed a bill increasing the size of its army to 600,000 men, and authorizing an army of 2,000,000 men in the event of war. Austria-Hungary's war against Serbia, less than nine months later, would escalate into enter World War One.[14]
  • The Allentown State Hospital was opened in Allentown, Pennsylvania and remains one of seven remaining mental health institutions in the state.[15]

October 4, 1913 (Saturday)

Annie Oakley in later years
  • Oregon, though it was the second of the United States to pass an authorization for a minimum wage law (after Massachusetts), became the first state to have orders implementing a wage, beginning with a regulation for girls between the ages of 16 and 18 who had worked at least one year and who were working the maximum 54 hours per week; the $8.25 for the 54 hour week was equivalent to slightly more than 15 cents per hour.[16] Later rules would extend coverage to experienced adult women in Portland (November 23) and to all women, regardless of experience (February 7);[17][18]
  • The new site of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened to the public in Sarajevo.[19]
  • At Marion, Illinois, legendary sharpshooter Annie Oakley gave the last public performance of her shooting skills. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, where Oakley had been a major star, had gone bankrupt earlier in the year.[20]
  • Survivalist Joseph Knowles, who had gone into the forests of Maine on August 4 without clothing, food or tools, emerged after completing his two-month experiment. Not only had he survived, but he had fashioned "a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows" from the materials in the wilderness.[21]
  • Mexican rebel leader Emiliano Zapata issued a widely circulated order to his troops, commanding them that "under no pretext nor for any personal cause should crimes be committed against lives and properties". Officers were directed to punish any soldiers who violated the order, or to face court-martial themselves.[22]
  • Born: Martial Célestin, Haitian state leader, first Prime Minister of Haiti; in Ganthier, Haiti (d. 2011)
  • Died: Faisal bin Turki, 49 Turkish noble and Sultan of Muscat and Oman [23]

October 5, 1913 (Sunday)

October 6, 1913 (Monday)

President Yuan receiving dignitaries
  • Barely receiving the two-thirds majority required, Yuan Shihkai was formally elected by the National Assembly after three rounds of voting, to a five-year term as the President of China. A total of 759 of the 850 Chinese Senators and Representatives participated in Beijing. With a candidate needing 506 votes, Yuan received 507 on the third ballot. Li Yuan-Heng, who had already said that he would not be a candidate for the office, received 179 votes, while the other legislators abstained. The votes for Yan and Li were 471-153 on the first round, and 497-162 on the second.[29] After the second round, a mob of Yuan's supporters surrounded the legislative building and blocked the exits.[30] Li was elected Vice-President the next day.[31] President Yuan would dissolve the legislature four weeks later and assume dictatorial powers, then proclaim himself the Emperor.[32]
  • Chicago became the first major American city to pass a resolution declaring the immorality of the tango, a dance which had recently become popular in the United States after originating in Argentina. The tango differed from acceptable dances because of the contact between the upper thighs of the dancers.[33]
  • At his inauguration as the new American Governor-General of the Philippines, Francis Burton Harrison delivered a promise, from U.S. President Wilson, that Filipinos would be granted a majority of the seats on the Philippine Commission, the appointed group that had to approve bills passed by the Philippine legislature.[34]
  • Heavy rains killed more than 600 people in the Bosphorous straits around Istanbul.[35]
  • Born:

October 7, 1913 (Tuesday)

  • The Ford Motor Company factory in Highland Park, Michigan began use of the moving assembly line to manufacture its Model T automobiles. With 140 assemblers, each assigned a different task, the time to produce a single car was cut by more than half, from 12 1/2 hours to 5 1/2 hours.[36]
  • The Maryland Supreme Court struck down Baltimore's recently passed ordinance requiring segregation of neighborhoods and its retroactive application, which would have forced families to move.[37]
  • Died: Benjamin Altman, 73, American business leader and art collector, founder of B. Altman's Department Store and later donated his large art collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, including Rembrandt's self-portrait

October 8, 1913 (Wednesday)

Australian championship winner Port Adelaide

October 9, 1913 (Thursday)

  • The passenger ship SS Volturno, operated by the Uranium Line, caught fire while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Although 125 passengers and crew died while trying to evacuate, the other 532 people were rescued by ten other steamers that traveled to the rescue after hearing the S.O.S. signal by wireless telegraph,[42][43] Popular Mechanics magazine would observe in its next issue that "The day of the 'mystery of the sea,' when a vessel might sail from port and never be heard from again, is past."[44]
  • The Russian Arctic Expedition arrived at St. Michael, Alaska, and delivered the first reports of the discovery of the previously unknown land mass which they had named Nicholas II Land (Zemlya Imperatova Nikolaya II)[45]. The area is now called Severnaya Zemlya (literally "Northern Land").
  • Born: George M. Foster, American anthropologist, pioneer of medical anthropology; in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (d. 2006)
  • Died: Robinson Ellis, 79, British academic, described as "the greatest of English Latinists"

October 10, 1913 (Friday)

  • U.S. President Wilson pressed a telegraph key at his desk in the White House, sending the electrical charge that ignited dynamite to destroy the Gamboa Dike, thereby completing the Panama Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There was no ceremony; after Wilson pressed the button at 2:00 pm, he said, "There, it is all over. Gamboa is busted."[46] [47]
  • Sixteen days before the legislative and presidential elections scheduled for October 26, Mexico's President Victoriano Huerta ordered the arrest of 110 members of the Chamber of Deputies. Soldiers of the Mexican Army surrounded the legislative building, then marched in to arrest the legislators, who had signed a resolution protesting the disappearance of Senator Belisario Dominguez.[48] Seventy-four of the legislators were later charged with conspiring to overthrow the Huerta government.[49]
  • At the inauguration ceremony for China's president Yuan Shihkai, the Chief of Beijing's mounted police was arrested and charged with plotting to assassinate Yuan. Police Chief Chen, who confessed that he had been bribed by leaders of the Southern provinces rebellion, had aroused suspicion because of his persistence in trying to be near President Yuan during the ceremony, and several bombs were found at Chief Chen's home.[50]
  • The body of Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, was found floating in the sea, 11 days after his September 28 disappearance from the passenger liner SS Dresden. The crew of the steamer Coertsen, from Belgium, found the body, which was identified by the items Diesel had been carrying.[51]
  • French composer Erik Satie produced the first in a series of piano compositions for beginners titled Enfantines.[52]
  • Born:
  • Died:


October 11, 1913 (Saturday)

Athletics vs. Giants at the Polo Grounds
Banned in Boston

October 12, 1913 (Sunday)

October 13, 1913 (Monday)

October 14, 1913 (Tuesday)

  • In the worst mining disaster in British history, 439 coal miners were killed in the explosion of the Universal Colliery at Senghenydd in Wales. At 6:00 a.m., 935 miners went underground into the pits, designated "Lancaster" and "York". Two hours later, there was an explosion in the Lancaster pit. There were 498 survivors. After 74 bodies had been removed and no survivors located by rescuers, the decision was made to leave the other 345 entombed in the mine.[62][63]
  • British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and Leader of the Opposition Bonar Law met secretly to discuss a bipartisan solution to the growing demand for Home Rule in Ireland. From their meetings, there would emerge the eventual separation of the mostly Protestant counties, in Northern Ireland, from the mostly Roman Catholic counties in the rest of the island.[64]
  • U.S. President Wilson notified Mexican President Victoriano Huerta that the United States would not recognize the legitimacy of the results of the October 26 elections.[65]
  • Edward Steininger, the owner of the St. Louis Terriers franchise in baseball's newly formed Federal League, announced that "We are going to invade the majors and we will take some of their players, too", beginning with the National League's St. Louis Cardinals and the American League's St. Louis Browns.[66]
  • New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art was announced as the recipient of the $10,000,000 art collection of the late Benjamin Altman, a New York City dry goods merchant, who had died on October 7.[67]

October 15, 1913 (Wednesday)

  • Four natives of the Philippines were appointed by U.S. President Wilson to the Philippine Commission, giving Filipinos a majority (five of nine) on the governing commission for the first time.[68][69]
  • China's President Yuan Shikai ordered the arrest of a list of his opponents, including former president Sun Yat-sen, Huang Hsing and Chang Chi.[70]

October 16, 1913 (Thursday)

President Toptani

October 17, 1913 (Friday)

October 18, 1913 (Saturday)

October 19, 1913 (Sunday)

Ryan
Tellier

October 20, 1913 (Monday)

Palmer

October 21, 1913 (Tuesday)

R.J. Reynolds' new "Turkish blend" cigarette

October 22, 1913 (Wednesday)

October 23, 1913 (Thursday)

  • The first worldwide convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was held, with representatives of 50 nations assembling in Brooklyn.[95]
  • The U.S. Senate passed the "La Follette Seaman's Bill", which "ended the virtual enslavement of sailors" by outlawing one-year service contracts and allowing workers on private American ships to quit upon reaching port. The bill, sponsored by Robert M. La Follette, Sr., also required that before a ship could sail from an American port, it had to have sufficient lifeboats and rafts for all aboard, and training for the crew to permit two seamen for each boat.[96]
  • The Giacobini–Zinner comet, initially discovered by Michel Giacobini on December 20, 1900, was recovered by German astronomer Ernst Zinner, who confirmed that it had an orbital period of slightly more than 6.5 years. The comet would return to Earth's solar system in 1985 and would be explored by the International Cometary Explorer space probe.[97]
  • Died: Edwin Klebs,79, German-Swiss medical researcher who identified the bacteria that causes diphtheria; father to Arnold Klebs

October 24, 1913 (Friday)

October 25, 1913 (Saturday)

October 26, 1913 (Sunday)

  • Presidential and legislative elections were held as scheduled in Mexico, but the results were not announced. The Mexican Constitution required that at least one-third of the registered voters had to participate in order for an election to be valid, and it was estimated than less than one-eighth of the electorate turned out.[108]
  • Parliamentary elections were held in Italy, with the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti retaining its majority.[109] For the first time, there was no literacy requirement for all voters (those over 30 were exempt) and the secret ballot was used throughout the nation.[110]
  • Born: Charlie Barnet, American jazz musician, known for his saxophone collaborations with other artists including Billy May; in New York City (d. 1991)

October 27, 1913 (Monday)

The Emir Mubarak

October 28, 1913 (Tuesday)

  • Menahem Mendel Beilis, a Jewish factory superintendent who had been falsely accused ("blood libel") of the ritualistic murder of a child, was acquitted by a jury in Kiev.[118]
  • The first trams began operating in Vinnytsia, Ukraine.[119]
  • Ten minutes before baseball's New York Giants and Chicago White Sox were preparing to start an exhibition game in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the bleachers over the right field collapsed, injuring more than 100 people. Seven hundred fans had crowded onto benches that were meant to hold 400. One spectator, U.S. Army Private Chester Taylor, was killed.[120]
  • The classic American newspaper comic strip Krazy Kat, by George Herriman, made its debut, first appearing in the New York Evening Journal.[121] The last strip would be published on June 25, 1944, two months after Herriman's death.[122]

October 29, 1913 (Wednesday)

Armstrong
Langmuir
  • After months of delay, Edwin H. Armstrong filed a patent application on his invention of the regenerative circuit. On the same day, Irving Langmuir applied for a patent on his own regenerative circuit. In the lawsuits that followed over nearly 20 years, Armstrong would be given priority on the strength of a diagram of the circuit, which he had had notarized on January 13, 1913[123] and would be granted U.S. Patent #1,113,149 on October 6, 1914.[124]

October 30, 1913 (Thursday)

October 31, 1913 (Friday)

  • One of the great partnerships in the writing of history began when 15-year-old Ida Kaufman, a student at the Ferrer Modern School in New York, married her former history teacher, 28-year-old Will Durant, 28. Ida would take on the name Ariel Durant, and the Durants would go on to write the eleven-volume study of Western history, The Story of Civilization. According to some accounts, Ariel roller-skated to the New York City Hall to attend the civil ceremony.[128]

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