Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)

The biological systematics and taxonomy of invertebrates as proposed by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca in 2003 is a system of classification of invertebrates, as a way to classify animals without backbones.[1]

Prokaryotes

  • Kingdom Eubacteria, also known as Bacteria – Domain of micro-organisms
  • Kingdom Archaea, also known as Archaebacteria – Domain of single-celled organisms

Eukaryotes (Eukaryota, or Eukarya)

  • Kingdom Fungi – Kingdom of eukaryotes that includes mushrooms, yeasts, molds and related organisms
  • Kingdom Plantae – Kingdom of mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes (= Metaphyta)
  • Kingdom Protista – One of a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic microorganisms
  • Phylum Ciliophora – Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
  • Phylum Apicomplexa – A phylum of parasitic alveolates
  • Phylum Dinoflagellata – unicellular algae with two flagella
  • Phylum Stramenopila – Phylum of eukaryotes
  • Phylum Rhizopoda – Polyphyletic group of unicellular eukaryotes with the ability to shapeshift
  • Phylum Actinopoda – Polyphyletic group of unicellular eukaryotes with the ability to shapeshift
  • Phylum Granuloreticulosa – Phylum of amoeboid protists
  • Phylum Diplomonadida – A group of mostly parasitic flagellates
  • Phylum Parabasilida – A group of flagellated protists
  • Phylum Cryptomonada – A proposed super-class of Cryptists linking Cryptophyceae and Goniomonadea
  • Phylum Microspora – A taxon of autotrophic fungus-like protists
  • Phylum Ascetospora – A group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals
  • Phylum Choanoflagellata – A group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes
  • Phylum Chlorophyta – Phylum of green algae
  • Phylum Opalinida – A small group of peculiar heterokonts, family Opalinidae, order Slopalinida
  • Incertae sedis: Genus Stephanopogon – A genus of flagellate marine protozoan

Kingdom Animalia (Metazoa)

Parazoa

Phylum Porifera

Mesozoa

Phylum Placozoa
Phylum Monoblastozoa
Phylum Rhombozoa
Phylum Orthonectida

Eumetazoa

Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria
  • Subclass Ceriantipatharia
Phylum Ctenophora
Bilateria

The authors divide the bilaterians in three informal groups:

  • acoelomates (phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora)
  • blastocoelomate (or pseducoelomate, phyla Rotifera, Kinorhyncha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Acanthocephala, Loricifera)
  • coelomates (or eucoelomates, phyla Nemertea, Priapula, Annelida, Sipuncula, Echiura, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Phoronida, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Echinodermata, Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Chordata).

Several groups traditionally viewed as having a blastocoelomate condition are viewed here as acoelomates (e.g., Gastrotricha, Entoprocta, Gnathostomulida).

Some of the coelomates groups (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca) have greatly reduced celomic spaces; often the main body cavity is a bloodfilled space called a hemocoel, and is associated with an open circulatory system.

The Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta and Phoronida are viewed as lophophorates.

In a phylogeny,[2] the bilaterians are divided in:

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nemertea
Phylum Rotifera
  • Class Digonata
Phylum Gastrotricha
Phylum Kinorhyncha
Phylum Nematoda (= Nemata)
Phylum Nematomorpha
Phylum Priapula
Phylum Acanthocephala
Phylum Entoprocta (= Kamptozoa)
  • Family Loxosomatidae
  • Family Loxokalypodidae
  • Family Pedicellinidae
  • Family Barentsiidae
Phylum Gnathostomulida
Phylum Loricifera
Phylum Cycliophora
Phylum Annelida
  • Class Polychaeta, with 25 orders and 87 families (not all are listed)
  • Order Haplotaxida, with 25 families (not all are listed)
  • Subclass Hirudinoidea
Phylum Sipuncula
  • Class Phascolosomida
  • Order Golfingiaformes
Phylum Echiura
  • Order Echiuroinea
  • Order Xenopneusta
  • Order Heteromyota
Phylum Onychophora
Phylum Tardigrada
Phylum Arthropoda
  • Order Lepstostraca
  • Subclass Notostigmophora
  • Subclass Pleurostigmophora
  • Superfamily Mygalomorpha
Phylum Mollusca
  • Order Lepidopleurida
  • Order Ischnochitonida
  • Order Acanthochitonida
Phylum Phoronida
Phylum Ectoprocta (= Bryozoa)
Phylum Brachiopoda
Phylum Echinodermata
  • Subclass Aspidochirotacea
  • Subclass Apodacea
Phylum Chaetognatha
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata

See also

References

  1. ^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-097-5.
  2. ^ Richard C. Brusca & Gary J. Brusca (2003), p. 875.

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