World Magnetic Tour

World Magnetic Tour
World tour by Metallica
Promotional poster of one of the three shows in Mexico City
Associated albumDeath Magnetic
Start dateOctober 17, 2008
End dateNovember 21, 2010
Legs18
No. of shows
  • 81 in North America
  • 73 in Europe
  • 20 in Oceania
  • 10 in South America
  • 3 in Asia
  • 187 total
Box office$217,245,629
Metallica concert chronology

The World Magnetic Tour was a 2008–2010 concert tour by American heavy metal band Metallica in support of the band's ninth studio album, Death Magnetic, which was released on September 12, 2008.

The tour officially kicked off in October 2008 in San Francisco, United States, following three European promotional dates in September and two U.S. rehearsal shows. By September 2010, the tour had reached North America, Europe, South America, Asia and Oceania.

The tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne, Australia, in late November 2010. The tour ended up being the most successful by Metallica, grossing roughly $217.2 million, with the top grossing location, Acer Arena in Sydney, Australia, taking more than $14 million over four shows.

Overview

A North American leg, their first since the Madly in Anger with the World Tour in 2004, began in Phoenix, Arizona, and wrapped up in late December in Oakland, California. The leg continued in early January 2009, starting in Milwaukee and finishing up in Newark, New Jersey, in early February.

In February 2009, the band commenced a European tour. The group played three rounds of dates, resuming in late March and then returning again in May. In between the first and second legs, the band performed a small promotional show in Austin, Texas, U.S. to support the video game release Guitar Hero: Metallica. The European legs began in Nottingham, England, and eventually culminated in Cologne, Germany.

In June 2009, the group played three dates in Mexico City. The shows reached a total capacity of 158,349 and were the band's first shows in Mexico in ten years. Later in the month, the group returned to Europe, performing a mixture of indoor and outdoor shows, and festival appearances. The leg featured headline slots at the first iterations of the Sonisphere Festival, a new festival event which took place in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The leg began in Helsinki and finished in early August in Knebworth, England.

In September 2009, the band kicked off a third North American leg, beginning in Nashville, Tennessee, and finishing in mid-November in New York City. The act resumed touring duties in December, performing five dates in the Western U.S.

Metallica performing at Estadio San Marcos (World Magnetic Tour) in Lima, Peru

In January 2010, the band headed to South America, playing mostly outdoor shows. The leg kicked off in Lima and finished in São Paulo, Brazil. In March, the group returned to Mexico, performing in Guadalajara and Monterrey. The leg continued on with additional dates in South America, as well as shows in Central America. The band also performed for the first time in countries such as Puerto Rico, Costa Rica and Guatemala.

In April 2010, the act once again returned to Europe, beginning with two dates in Oslo. The leg included appearances at the 2010 editions of the Sonisphere Festival, which featured exclusive billings of the "Big Four" of thrash metal: Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax, as well as Metallica. The events took place in Poland, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Turkey. The band also returned to Israel in May, for the third time in their career.

In September 2010, the band kicked off one of three legs in Oceania, followed by two dates in Tokyo. In mid-October and late November 2010, the group returned for additional concerts in Oceania. The group also played a show in the United States in early November for the Call of Duty: Black Ops launch party. The entire tour culminated with three dates in Melbourne, Australia.

The dates in Mexico City were recorded and later released on CD, DVD and Blu-ray with the title, Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria ("Pride, Passion and Glory"). Additionally, the show in Nîmes, France, was filmed and subsequently released on DVD and Blu-ray entitled, Français Pour Une Nuit ("French for One Night"). Both titles were released to retail in November 2009 only in their respective markets (South America and France) and through the band's official website.

The band's performance at the Sonisphere Festival in Sofia was beamed to more than 450 movie theatres in more than 140 markets in the U.S. and select cities in Europe, Canada and South America on June 22, 2010. The live video was later released on DVD and Blu-ray in October 2010, entitled The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria.

According to concert magazine Pollstar, the tour was the tenth highest-grossing for 2009 with revenue of US$89.1 million from 78 shows, and ranked fifth in 2010 with revenue of $110.1 million. Overall, the tour grossed $217,245,629 from 164 reported shows across two years with an attendance of over 2.6 million people.

This was the first time Metallica ever played in Puerto Rico. They were originally going to play on April 28, 1993, at Hiram Bithorn Stadium on the Nowhere Else to Roam Tour, but the rains that day reached a level of over two feet, which would have been a hazardous situation if the band had played.

First typical setlist

(Taken from the Sofia, Bulgaria, Vasil Levski Stadium show on June 22, 2010)

  1. "Creeping Death"
  2. "For Whom the Bell Tolls"
  3. "Fuel"
  4. "Harvester of Sorrow"
  5. "Fade to Black"
  6. "That Was Just Your Life"
  7. "Cyanide"
  8. "Sad but True"
  9. "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)"
  10. "All Nightmare Long"
  11. "One"
  12. "Master of Puppets"
  13. "Blackened"
  14. "Nothing Else Matters"
  15. "Enter Sandman"
  16. "Am I Evil?" (originally performed by Diamond Head) (with Anthrax, Megadeth and Dave Lombardo of Slayer)
  17. "Hit the Lights"
  18. "Seek & Destroy"

Second typical setlist

(Taken from the Christchurch, New Zealand, CBS Canterbury Arena show on September 21, 2010)

  1. "That Was Just Your Life"
  2. "The End of the Line"
  3. "For Whom the Bell Tolls"
  4. "Fuel"
  5. "Fade to Black"
  6. "Broken, Beat & Scarred"
  7. "No Remorse"
  8. "Sad but True"
  9. "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)"
  10. "All Nightmare Long"
  11. "One"
  12. "Master of Puppets"
  13. "Battery"
  14. "Nothing Else Matters"
  15. "Enter Sandman"
  16. "Stone Cold Crazy" (originally performed by Queen)
  17. "Whiplash"
  18. "Seek & Destroy"

Tour dates

Date City Country Venue/Event
North America, Leg #1
October 17, 2008 [1] Daly City United States Cow Palace
October 21, 2008 Phoenix Jobing.com Arena
October 23, 2008 Albuquerque Tingley Coliseum
October 25, 2008 Kansas City Sprint Center
October 26, 2008 Des Moines Wells Fargo Arena
November 1, 2008 Portland Rose Garden Arena
November 3, 2008 Salt Lake City EnergySolutions Arena
November 4, 2008 Denver Pepsi Center
November 6, 2008 Omaha Qwest Center
November 8, 2008 Moline iWireless Center
November 9, 2008 Columbus Jerome Schottenstein Center
November 17, 2008 St. Louis Scottrade Center
November 18, 2008 Tulsa BOK Center
November 20, 2008 Houston Toyota Center
November 22, 2008 North Little Rock Alltel Arena
November 23, 2008 New Orleans New Orleans Arena
December 1, 2008 Seattle KeyArena
December 2, 2008 Vancouver Canada General Motors Place
December 4, 2008 Calgary Pengrowth Saddledome
December 5, 2008
December 7, 2008 Edmonton Rexall Place
December 12, 2008 Ontario United States Citizens Business Bank Arena
December 13, 2008 Fresno Save Mart Center
December 15, 2008 San Diego Cox Arena
December 17, 2008 Inglewood The Forum
December 18, 2008
December 20, 2008 Oakland Oracle Arena
North America, Leg #2
January 12, 2009 Milwaukee United States Bradley Center
January 13, 2009 Detroit Joe Louis Arena
January 15, 2009 Washington, D.C. Verizon Center
January 17, 2009 Philadelphia Wachovia Center
January 18, 2009 Boston TD Banknorth Garden
January 26, 2009 Rosemont Allstate Arena
January 27, 2009
January 29, 2009 Uniondale Nassau Coliseum
January 31, 2009 Newark Prudential Center
February 1, 2009
Europe, Leg #1
February 25, 2009 Nottingham England Trent FM Arena
February 26, 2009 Manchester Manchester Evening News Arena
February 28, 2009 Sheffield Sheffield Arena
March 2, 2009 London The O2 Arena
March 3, 2009 Newcastle upon Tyne Metro Radio Arena
March 5, 2009 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis Antwerp
March 7, 2009 Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe
United States (Guitar Hero: Metallica promo show)
March 20, 2009 Austin United States Stubb's
Europe, Leg #2
March 25, 2009 Birmingham England LG Arena
March 26, 2009 Glasgow Scotland SECC
March 28, 2009 London England The O2 Arena
March 30, 2009 Rotterdam Netherlands Rotterdam Ahoy
April 1, 2009 Paris France Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy
April 2, 2009
Europe, Leg #3
May 4, 2009 [2] Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe
May 6, 2009 Munich Germany Olympiahalle
May 7, 2009 Leipzig Arena Leipzig
May 9, 2009 Stuttgart Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle
May 11, 2009 Frankfurt Festhalle Frankfurt
May 12, 2009 Hamburg Color Line Arena
May 14, 2009 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle
May 16, 2009 Oberhausen Germany König Pilsener Arena
May 17, 2009 Cologne Lanxess Arena
Latin America, Leg #1
June 4, 2009 Mexico City Mexico Foro Sol
June 6, 2009
June 7, 2009
Europe, Leg #4
June 14, 2009 Helsinki Finland Hartwall Areena
June 15, 2009
June 17, 2009 Oslo Norway Oslo Spektrum
June 19, 2009 Nickelsdorf Austria Nova Rock Festival
June 20, 2009 Nijmegen Netherlands Sonisphere Festival
June 22, 2009 Milan Italy Mediolanum Forum
June 24, 2009 Rome PalaLottomatica
July 4, 2009 Hockenheim Germany Sonisphere Festival
July 5, 2009 Werchter Belgium Rock Werchter
July 7, 2009 Nîmes France Arena of Nîmes
July 9, 2009 Lisbon Portugal Optimus Alive!
July 11, 2009 Barcelona Spain Sonisphere Festival
July 13, 2009 Madrid Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid
July 14, 2009
July 16, 2009 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion
July 18, 2009 Hultsfred Sweden Sonisphere Festival
July 20, 2009 Copenhagen Denmark Forum Copenhagen
July 22, 2009
July 23, 2009
July 25, 2009 Pori Finland Sonisphere Festival
July 27, 2009 Copenhagen Denmark Forum
July 28, 2009
July 30, 2009 Oslo Norway Spektrum
August 1, 2009 Dublin Ireland Marlay Park
August 2, 2009 Knebworth England Sonisphere Festival
North America, Leg #3
September 11, 2009 [3] San Rafael United States Marin Veterans' Memorial Auditorium
September 14, 2009 Nashville Sommet Center
September 15, 2009 Cincinnati U.S. Bank Arena
September 17, 2009 Indianapolis Conseco Fieldhouse
September 19, 2009 Montreal Canada Centre Bell
September 20, 2009
September 28, 2009 San Antonio United States AT&T Center
September 29, 2009 Dallas American Airlines Center
October 1, 2009 Sunrise BankAtlantic Center
October 3, 2009 Tampa St. Pete Times Forum
October 4, 2009 Atlanta Philips Arena
October 12, 2009 Winnipeg Canada MTS Centre
October 13, 2009 Minneapolis United States Target Center
October 15, 2009 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena
October 17, 2009 Charlottesville John Paul Jones Arena
October 18, 2009 Charlotte Time Warner Cable Arena
October 26, 2009 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre
October 27, 2009
October 31, 2009 Quebec City Colisée Pepsi
November 1, 2009
November 3, 2009 Ottawa Scotiabank Place
November 9, 2009 Grand Rapids United States Van Andel Arena
November 10, 2009 Buffalo HSBC Arena
November 12, 2009 Albany Times Union Center
November 14, 2009 New York City Madison Square Garden
November 15, 2009
North America, Leg #4
December 5, 2009 Las Vegas United States Mandalay Bay Events Center
December 7, 2009 Nampa Idaho Center
December 8, 2009 Sacramento ARCO Arena
December 10, 2009 Anaheim Honda Center
December 12, 2009 San Jose HP Pavilion
Latin America, Leg #2
January 19, 2010 Lima Peru Estadio Universidad San Marcos
January 21, 2010 Buenos Aires Argentina Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti
January 22, 2010
January 24, 2010 Córdoba Orfeo Superdomo
January 26, 2010 Santiago Chile Club Hípico de Santiago
January 28, 2010 Porto Alegre Brazil Parque Condor
January 30, 2010 São Paulo Estádio do Morumbi
January 31, 2010
Latin America, Leg #3
March 1, 2010 Guadalajara Mexico Estadio Tres de Marzo
March 3, 2010 Monterrey Estadio Universitario
March 5, 2010 Guatemala City Guatemala Estadio Mateo Flores
March 7, 2010 San José Costa Rica Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá
March 8, 2010 Panama City Panama Figali Convention Center
March 10, 2010 Bogotá Colombia Simón Bolívar Park
March 12, 2010 Caracas Venezuela Campos de Beisbol de la Rinconada
March 14, 2010 San Juan Puerto Rico Coliseo de Puerto Rico
Europe, Leg #5
April 13, 2010 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena
April 14, 2010
April 17, 2010 Riga Latvia Arena Riga
April 18, 2010 Tallinn Estonia Saku Suurhall Arena
April 20, 2010 Vilnius Lithuania Siemens Arena
April 21, 2010
April 24, 2010 Moscow Russia Olympic Stadium
April 25, 2010
Israel and Europe, Leg #6
May 11, 2010 Belfast Northern Ireland Odyssey Arena
May 12, 2010
May 14, 2010 Budapest Hungary Puskás Ferenc Stadium
May 16, 2010 Zagreb Croatia Hipodrom Zagreb
May 18, 2010 Lisbon Portugal Pavilhão Atlântico
May 19, 2010
May 22, 2010 Tel Aviv Israel Ramat Gan Stadium
May 23, 2010 Lyon France Halle Tony Garnier
Europe, Leg #7
June 14, 2010 Madrid Spain Rock in Rio
June 16, 2010 [4] Warsaw Poland Sonisphere Festival
June 18, 2010 [4] Jonschwil Switzerland Sonisphere Festival
June 19, 2010 [4] Milovice Czech Republic Sonisphere Festival
June 22, 2010 [4] Sofia Bulgaria Sonisphere Festival
June 24, 2010 [4] Athens Greece Sonisphere Festival
June 26, 2010 [4] Bucharest Romania Sonisphere Festival
June 27, 2010 [4] Istanbul Turkey Sonisphere Festival
Oceania, Leg #1
September 15, 2010 Melbourne Australia Rod Laver Arena
September 16, 2010
September 18, 2010 Sydney Acer Arena
September 21, 2010 Christchurch New Zealand CBS Canterbury Arena
September 22, 2010
Asia
September 25, 2010 Tokyo Japan Saitama Super Arena
September 26, 2010
Oceania, Leg #2
October 13, 2010 Auckland New Zealand Vector Arena
October 14, 2010
October 16, 2010 Brisbane Australia Brisbane Entertainment Centre
October 18, 2010
October 19, 2010
October 22, 2010 Perth Burswood Dome
October 23, 2010
United States (Call of Duty: Black Ops launch event)
November 4, 2010 Santa Monica United States Santa Monica Airport
Oceania, Leg #3
November 10, 2010 Sydney Australia Acer Arena
November 11, 2010
November 13, 2010
November 15, 2010 Adelaide Adelaide Entertainment Centre
November 16, 2010
November 18, 2010 Melbourne Rod Laver Arena
November 20, 2010
November 21, 2010
  • 1^ = Open to invited guests, fan club members and contest winners ).
  • 2^ = Rescheduled from March 8, 2009.
  • 3^ = Benefit show for Marin History Museum's new "Marin Rocks" exhibition, opening in 2010.
Canceled dates
April 18, 2010 Riga, Latvia Arēna Rīga Date canceled due to low demand for tickets, caused by the "recent unprecedented economic downturn in Latvia." The concert, which was one of two shows to be held in Riga, was "consolidated" with the preceding Riga date and a show in Tallinn was announced in its place. Ticket-holders had the option of attending either the April 17, 2010 show in Riga or the new date in Tallinn.

Support acts

  • Alice in Chains (Dublin)
  • Avenged Sevenfold (Mexico City and Dublin)
  • Baroness (October 13–23, 2010; November 10–21, 2010)
  • Criminal (Santiago)
  • Deep Trip (Bogotá)
  • Dischord (Caracas)
  • Down (October 21–November 23, 2008)
  • Extinción (Guatemala City)
  • Fear Factory (April 13–25, 2010; September 15–26, 2010)
  • Glyder (Dublin)
  • Gojira (September 14–October 18, 2009; April 13–25, 2010)
  • Hibria (Porto Alegre)
  • High on Fire (May 11–23, 2010)
  • Horcas (Buenos Aires (January 21, 2010))
  • Lamb of God (December 1–15 and 20, 2008; June 14–June 24, 2009; July 13–30, 2009; September 14–November 15, 2009; October 13–23, 2010; November 10–21, 2010)
  • Un León D-mente (Buenos Aires)
  • Machine Head (December 17 and 18, 2008; January 12–February 1, 2009; February 25–March 7, 2009; March 25–April 2, 2009; May 4–17, 2009; December 5–12, 2009)
  • Mad (Córdoba)
  • Maligno (Guadalajara and Monterrey)
  • Mass Hysteria (Nîmes)
  • Mastodon (June 14–June 24, 2009; July 13–August 1, 2009; March 1–14, 2010)
  • M.O.P.A. (Nîmes)
  • Necropsya (Lima)
  • O'Connor (Buenos Aires (January 22, 2010))
  • Orphaned Land (Tel Aviv)
  • Pneuma (San José)
  • Resorte (Mexico City)
  • Sepultura (São Paulo)
  • The Sword (October 21–December 20, 2008; January 12–February 1, 2009; February 25–March 7, 2009; March 25–April 2, 2009; May 4–17, 2009; September 15–26, 2010)
  • Tainted (Christchurch)
  • Volbeat (October 26–November 15, 2009; December 5–12, 2009; May 11–19 and 23, 2010)

Songlist

Album Song Times
Kill 'Em All (1983) "Hit the Lights" 36
"The Four Horsemen" 28
"Motorbreath" 34
"Jump in the Fire" 7
"Whiplash" 33
"Phantom Lord" 20
"No Remorse" 25
"Seek & Destroy" 186
Ride the Lightning (1984) "Fight Fire with Fire" 55
"Ride the Lightning" 43
"For Whom the Bell Tolls" 77
"Fade to Black" 65
"Trapped Under Ice" 17
"Creeping Death" 81
"The Call of Ktulu" 1
Master of Puppets (1986) "Battery" 40
"Master of Puppets" 186
"The Thing That Should Not Be" 11
"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)" 43
"Disposable Heroes" 13
"Leper Messiah" 12
"Orion" 6
"Damage, Inc." 23
...And Justice for All (1988) "Blackened" 60
"...And Justice for All" 14
"One" 186
"The Shortest Straw" 10
"Harvester of Sorrow" 53
"Dyers Eve" 18
Metallica (1991) "Enter Sandman" 186
"Sad But True" 186
"Holier Than Thou" 24
"The Unforgiven" 29
"Wherever I May Roam" 40
"Through the Never" 11
"Nothing Else Matters" 186
"Of Wolf and Man" 18
"The God That Failed" 2
Load (1996) "Until It Sleeps" 9
"King Nothing" 1
"Bleeding Me" 2
"The Outlaw Torn" 3
ReLoad (1997) "Fuel" 38
"The Memory Remains" 22
Garage Inc. (1998) "Turn the Page" 31
"Die, Die My Darling" 30
"Whiskey in the Jar" 1
"Helpless" 20
"The Small Hours" 1
"The Wait" 7
"Last Caress" 31
"Green Hell" 1
"Am I Evil?" 26
"Blitzkrieg" 13
"Breadfan" 30
"The Prince" 5
"Stone Cold Crazy" 51
"So What?" 2
"Killing Time" 5
"Overkill" 3
"Damage Case" 1
"Stone Dead Forever" 1
"Too Late Too Late" 5
S&M (1999) "No Leaf Clover" 13
M:I-2 (2000) "I Disappear" 5
St. Anger (2003) "Frantic" 6
We All Love Ennio Morricone (2007) "The Ecstasy of Gold" 1
Death Magnetic (2008) "That Was Just Your Life" 169
"The End of the Line" 149
"Broken, Beat & Scarred" 148
"The Day That Never Comes" 141
"All Nightmare Long" 92
"Cyanide" 134
"The Unforgiven III" 7
"The Judas Kiss" 29
"Suicide & Redemption" 1
"My Apocalypse" 36
Black Sabbath cover "Hole in the Sky" 1
Saxon cover "Motorcycle Man" 1

Box office score data

Venue City Gross revenue
Jobing.com Arena Glendale $841,979
Tingley Coliseum Albuquerque $709,660
Sprint Center Kansas City $854,765
Qwest Center Omaha $716,650
Jerome Schottenstein Center Columbus $3,015,642
Scottrade Center St. Louis $629,800
BOK Center Tulsa $737,115
Toyota Center Houston $1,168,463
New Orleans Arena New Orleans $757,050
KeyArena Seattle $965,466
Rexall Place Edmonton $1,107,681
Citizens Business Bank Arena Ontario $774,417
Save Mart Center Fresno $791,405
Cox Arena San Diego $844,674
The Forum Inglewood $5,234,771
Oracle Arena Oakland $1,275,000
Bradley Center Milwaukee $794,657
Joe Louis Arena Detroit $1,240,617
Verizon Center Washington, D.C. $1,274,265
Wachovia Center Philadelphia $1,353,652
TD Banknorth Garden Boston $1,144,875
Allstate Arena Rosemont $2,243,799
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum Uniondale $1,152,255
Prudential Center Newark $2,223,933
Trent FM Arena Nottingham $593,004
Evening News Arena Manchester $1,128,049
Sheffield Arena Sheffield $743,428
O2 Arena London $2,286,382
Metro Radio Arena Newcastle $611,431
Sportpaleis Antwerp $1,254,264
Ericsson Globe Stockholm $2,111,922
LG Arena Birmingham $714,135
SECC Glasgow $581,563
Ahoy Rotterdam $912,063
Foro Sol Mexico City $8,602,465
Hartwall Areena Helsinki $2,560,139
Spektrum Oslo $2,143,596
Forum Copenhagen $5,947,788
Marlay Park Dublin $2,218,516
Sommet Center Nashville $1,014,175
U.S. Bank Arena Cincinnati $854,243
Centre Bell Montreal $3,229,512
AT&T Center San Antonio $1,100,908
American Airlines Center Dallas $1,171,625
BankAtlantic Center Sunrise $1,182,818
St. Pete Times Forum Tampa $1,194,309
Philips Arena Atlanta $1,105,745
Target Center Minneapolis $1,220,279
John Paul Jones Arena Charlottesville $804,426
Air Canada Centre Toronto $2,866,691
Colisée Pepsi Quebec City $2,307,372
Times Union Center Albany $956,958
HSBC Arena Buffalo $1,166,124
Madison Square Garden New York City $2,539,232
Estadio Universidad San Marcos Lima $2,807,550
Estadio Antonio Vespucio Liberti Buenos Aires $4,835,210
Orfeo Superdomo Córdoba $580,374
Club Hipico Santiago $3,691,580
Parque Condor Porte Alegre $1,982,970
Estádio do Morumbi São Paulo $8,617,636
Estadio Tres de Marzo Guadalajara $2,427,868
Estadio Universitario Monterrey $2,191,098
Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá San José (CR) $2,096,150
Centro de Convenciones Figali Panama City $724,754
Parque Simón Bolívar Bogotá $3,214,090
Campos de Beisbol de la Rinconada Caracas $3,581,780
Coliseo de José Miguel Agrelot San Juan $1,792,301
Telenor Arena Oslo $5,059,884
Odyssey Arena Belfast $1,379,144
Rod Laver Arena Melbourne $8,372,134
Acer Arena Sydney $10,009,750
CBS Canterbury Arena Christchurch $2,292,270
Vector Arena Auckland $2,103,040
Entertainment Centre Brisbane $6,135,710
Burswood Dome Perth $5,071,110

Personnel


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